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XXXXNXXXXXXKKKKXXKXXKKKKKKKKKKKXXXNNNNNNNXXXKKKKKXXXXXXXKXK000KK000000OkkOOkkkxxOO0XXXXNXXXKKXXXKXNXXXNNNNNNNNNNNNXXXKXXXXKXXXKKKKKkl:cdxxkxo;:ldxxkxxxdxxk WNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNXXNNNNXXXXXXXNNNNNNNNWNWNNNNNNXKXXKXXKXXXXK0O0K0OkkOkkxxdxdddxddxO0OKKXKKKKKKXKXXXXXNNNNNNNNNNNNNXXKXXNNNNNNNNXXNNNX0dllxxxdl:;lddxddxdoxOO WWNWWWWNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNXNNNNNNNNNNNNWNNWNNNNNNNXXXXKKKXXK00KOkkxxkkkkxlldxkxooxkkk000KKKKXKXKXNNNNXNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNWWWNNNWNXKOxxdddoldxxdolllco0N WWWWWWWWWWWWNNNWNNNNNNWWNWNNNNNNNNNNWNNWNWWWWWNNNNNNNNNXXXXX0O0kxOOdkO0OkoldxkOd;:oloxO0KKKXNXNNXNNXWWWWNNNNNNNNNWWWWWWNNWNNNWWNNWWWNNNNNNXXXXKKK0OOkOKKKNN WWWWWWWWWWWWWWNWWWWWNNWNWWWWWWWNNNNNNNWWWWWWNNNNNNWWWNNXXXXXXK0000OkkOKK0klkOO0kcclllx0KKXNNWNWNNNNNWWWWWWWNWWWWWWWWWWWNNWNWWWWWWWWNNNWWWWWWWNNNNNNXXXNNWWW WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWNWWWWWWWWWWWNWWWWWWNWWWWWWWWWWWNNNNNNX0Okxxdx0KK00xO0OKKdxOO0KXNNNNNWNWWWNNWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWNWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWNNNNWWWWWW WWWWWMWMMWWWMMWWWWWMWWWWWWWMMMMMWWWWWWWMWWWWWWMWWMWWWWWWWMWWWNNK0kxOKXNNNNKKXXXNKKXNNWWWWWWWWWMMMWWWWWWMMMMMMMMWMMMWMMWWWMMWMWWWWWMMMMMMMMMMWMMWMMWMMMMMMMM Bella Teaches the Linux Command Line Version August 25, 2020 1 Login Screen, Desktop and Terminal 1.1 Login Screen 1.2 Desktop 1.3 Terminal 2 Linux Commands 2.1 'whoami' 2.2 'pwd' 2.3 'ls' 2.4 'cd' 2.5 'mkdir' and 'rmdir' 2.6 'echo' and 'cat' 2.7 'cp' and 'rm' 2.8 'gedit' 2.9 'more' and 'less' 2.10 'date' 2.11 'cal' 2.12 'clear' 2.13 'man' 2.14 'top' 3 Fun Commands 3.1 'fortune' 3.2 'cowsay' 3.3 'figlet' 3.4 'banner' 3.5 'toilet' Concept index Bella Teaches the Linux Command Line Version August 25, 2020 ************************************************************ Bella Teaches the Linux Command Line. Copyright (C) 2020. 1 Login Screen, Desktop and Terminal ************************************ Examples are given with Ubuntu Linux. Other Linux distributions should be similar. 1.1 Login Screen ================ Start the Linux computer and it will proceed to the login screen. ........................................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................................... 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....:lolldloolllodollllllcolcllloxxldo:cdlloodxdlollododolloloollcclllloolc lccllooooooldxollodllclllclooollodolooc::loodoloddoodddddokWMMWWNKOO0OxxO0KXO,......;collllclllloxxocc::cloolddloodllloo0xoodoooloddlloooolodoololcooollooo cclllloolllllllllddllloooololcllclol:::clllloolloooddxddx:,0WWWWWXK000O0KXXX0:.. ...,;llcclooololcc;,''',clc:ldlolcloloodkkxoxdooodxxlllolodcclloc::odccool llloodoodolooolooooododddodxoolollllloloollloolclllooolol,'dNWWWWXKKKKKXXXKOc. .....';cllllol::;,,,''',cllllclccllloollllloodoooodloolccolllccdxolddllcool cldllolllcoloooodoodolloollooodlooolloolllcccccclllccllll'':0NWWWNNNXXXKKkl,. ......':clol:,,''''';;::ccooolc:clolooocccllclooododdllccololccc::::c:cclll lccclclllcclooooodxdllloddlllolcoloddolc:::ccclocldcclll,.''oKNNNXXXXK0d;... .........',cc;,,'''',,;llllcclcoolccc:::clcclccclolodddddoloollll:llodoooollc: llccclclxkkkkolooxdddddllollllooollooollccllclcclxl:;;lx,...'lOXNXXKKKKOo,......... 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oc:clcllllllollcc:oloodllldxdloddllc::cllccclccllllloc'''',l0XNNNWWWMMWWWWWWWNNNNNx,.....,:;::c:cccc;;:cccccccccocc:clodll:;lccloodollolcooodoooodocodkxol: :cllcllolllocclcclllllllcll::::okxolc:::lclccc:ll:;cc:,'...':d0KKKXNNWWNNNNNNNNNXOc......,ccccll:::c::cccclclcclclclolcclccllc:ododdolcclcllloloddxdoxxxdlc clclcllodlllolldolollllllllll:cc::cl::ccllc:cc:c:;::;:;......cxOOO00KKKKKK0000KK0o,......;,,;:lollcc::;c:ooo:ccllllllollclclolllllloooolodddolldddxdodxdoll cloocc:clccooolllolloollllllccolccll::c:cclcccc:c:c:;;,......;':oxkkdlcclllodxo:'........,,':ol:cocclc::cccollooddllllllloolllooollddodxddoddlcdxxddxdkxkkk :oo::cllooooolllclloolol:::::clolcclllc:::c:::llclll::;.. 'kl,'';::.. ...''... .......';;,;;codc;,;cc::lodxxxxkOdlllc:cllcllooddlooooooooodddoolllodddxdx :;clcolllcclolooooollddoc:;:loloccccclllcllc::c:;ccc:::'. ',,,'',,,''..'..,dxd'.. ..':::;:llc:;:ccc::coolclxxOxddxddolllclllddoloooddllloxxdddlc:looxdd cclc:c:::::::cooodo:llolcclclccclcccccldocclcccc:::cccc.. .;,,,,,,,,'''.'',:kKOk'.. ..'::odc;;::c::clc::cllloxxkkOkkxddoddllclloddooodkxdxdooooollc:odddo llllcccc:cllc:cdc:;coc;;loodcccccoxdoclllcc::::::clllc:.. .,;;,;:;,,;;,,;,,,ldxd,,. ...::::;:::ccll:ccodllcclllooddddxdddolcc:lllldxkxdxxdddolcclcllodddl clo:llocclcccolc::cc::ccc:::lcllcllcclc:cc::cc::llllcc:. ,;;;;;;,,;,,,;::;;,',;,;,....';:::clccllcc:clodolllllodolloooollolcclolloodxdldxxolllccooooooolc llccc:cccc:;:::::cccc:::cc::cclolccc::cc:cllllc:cccccc:.. ':::::;;:;:::;;:;;,;::,;:,....:cclcclccccllooolccoc:cllllloloolllcclcl::lllollloollllc:clloxollc :;;;cclcll:;,:c::::::::cc::;:::::;::cccccllolllcc:ccc::'...'::;;;;::::;;;;::;,,:cl;;l'...:cc:ccl::cllollcclooccccc:cl:loollllllllodooodoccccclccllloolcllcc ::::clc:c::ccccc:cololccc:c:ccc;:::cc:coccccccc:c:ccccxXOxkd:;,;:;::::;;;;;,;,,loo:cko',cc;;;::;;coooooooldkxlollcclll:::ccc;:cclll:olclccllc:ccllodooccllc c:ccclcc::cc::::::coolcc::lol:;::::cc;lol::c::lccllc:xNWMNKd:;,;::;;:::::,,::;,:c:;c0XXXXl:cooolcllodooolldddodollcllllllcccc;::;::;:;:c::ccccc:ccloooolcc: :cc;;:,:;:c::lccc::c::::cc:::cc:::;;::c:;,;::llcoxcckWMMMWO;;;,::::::;;:c:;:::;::;,;kXNNWx;ccllcllloool:ccodxddkxololllldolol::cccc:c::llc::cllc:cllclooccc :ccc::::clc::::ccc::;;:cc:::cccc:;;:cllcc:cllllloccOWMMMMNl::;:c::;;::::::;;;;::;,;,ONWWWNo:::loolllolcllodddddxxolooodooooodoocclcc:c::;,,:olc:cccc::lcc:: ::;;::cc:;;:::;;:cc::;ccccc:::::::::cccccc:clllc:c;OMNWXNkcc::cclc::;cc:;;::;;;;;,:,:0WMMMWd:cllcccclllloxOxdooldll::ccoolccc::::ccodcllcccclc;:lc:cl:::::: :ccoolcc::c:::ll:;::::cdo:c;;;;::::ccc:dxcc:;;:cllc0KKK:::::::c::::::cclc;;;,:c::;;;;xMMMMMWdcllccccccclooddddc:llc:c::lllclccclc:lodclc:;;;::;;:cc:l:::::c lcc:cc:::cccc::c::::c:cllccc:::c:c:::cxkoc:;;:cllcclccc::cc::::::clclc;:::::,:cc:c:::cKWWMMWxcclc:::::::;cdxxdl;:lc::,:lcc:;cllllcclcc:cc::::c:l:;::ccc;;:: c:cccc::;:::;;:::cc::ccclllcc:cclccclllcclllcccllllccccc:cc:cc:ccccc;;;::::cc;:llllc::oxxNNNx:codocc:;;:;;::cllc:c:;;;colllclollllloollol::::::cc:;;:c:;cl: c:ccc:;::,;;,:::::::::ccc::;;ll:looccccccllccllcclllllcclclccccc::::cccclcc;;ccclclll:c::dxoolcloolcc::::ccc::c:c::;;;c:lxlc::c::::cclccc;:;c;;::cc::lxxxo: l:::c::::::cccc:::::ccccllccokdco:,;lclc;:c:clc:cc:cccccllc;::ccc;::::c:loc::::c:;::::llclloddllc::;::c::olcc:;:cc:::cclloccc:ccc:cccc:ccooxoc::c:ccccokOOd cc::cc:clcc::::cccc:clccccclolcc::clclxl:ccdl:;:cc:c::clcl:;;:cllcclc::;clc::::c:::::clccccllclcc::c:clcclcclc;::lolccccc::c::;:c:::cc:;:oodlllccccc:cclxO0 ::c:clccc::;:c::;:ccll:::cccccc::c:llokococclc:cccccc::cxl:::clcccccc:cccc::;;;;::;:cc:::::c:::::::c::c::::::c:;;:cclccl:clcccc::c::::o:,:lolccccccccccc:cd ;;:;;::;,;;:ccc::ccclc:cccc:::;;;:cloloclll:::;::lool:::lc:ccccc::cclcllcclllc:c::cclllc:;:::;;::c:c::c:;::clolllcccolllc::ccc:lcccc;;::;;ll:cllc:cc:::cc:; ;;:;:c:,::cc:::cclccclclcccc:cl,,;:cclloooll:;:cc:cc:;:::,:o;;:::;;;::cc;c:;;;:lccclclllc::::::;:ccll:,:c::c::lolllcccc::c:lcc:::;:c::::;,c:cllollc:c:;;;:: ;,;;;;::;::;::;::c::cccclc:;;c;;:ccloolcc:;:::;c;:;,,,,,::;,;;;;;;;;:c:::;;::::ccc:cclocc::ccclccc:ll:;;:c:;:cooolcccccc::cc::c::;:::cc::;::coolccclc:;;;;; ;;;:c::::;,,:c:cc::c::::cccc:;;;llllcc:;l:::::c;.'::,;;::;:::;:l:,;;ll:;:c:ccc::ccc::clcc::cclllc::;;;;:;::::collclcclc::ccclclcc:ccc:cccccclllc:;:::;;;;:; :;:clc:;,;;;c:ccc::c;;;clcclc;;:cc:;:clcl:;:c:l,'',:;:l:;::l;,cl;,;::::;:clcllccllcc::cl::cccccclc;,:cc:c::lc:cccccc:c;:lcccc:clc::ccclllc:cooll::ccc::::;; :c::cc:::;::c:ccccc:;c:cccllc::ccccollccc::c:cl;,;;::clllol::,,,;:clc;:;:cccooc:cc::c:::cc::::::::::ccc:::::c;:ccccccc:c:;;llc:::::;:;:ccc:;cccccc;:llcccc: ::;:c::coll;:cc:cc::::;::cccc;:::cc::c:c::;;cc:;:cllc:;;::o;c:::,;:cc:c:c:ccclccc::cc:;;;:c::::::::cl:;;;:::::::::cllc::c:,;cc::coodl,':clcloll::cc:::llcc: ccc:c:ccc::;::::c:::;::::::ll;;:ccc;cc::c:;;::;;;llcc:;:;;:::::::::clc:cc:cllc;:cccclc:::;:;;::::::c:;;:;::::cc:::cccc:c:,;::c:,,;;::,;,:;ol:::clc:lc:;:lc: :::;;,::c:lc:;::;:;::c:;;:c:::;cccccccc:llc:::c:clclcc;:::c::;;;lolll:::cccll::cllllccccccc;cccclccc:::cc::::c::c::::cc::::cc:::;;;;;;;;;c:;;c::::;;:llc:cc ;,':::cclccc::::c;:::,';:c:;:::cc:ccccccclcc::::clloollc:::;::cclccccc:::lc:::cccclccc:c::cll;;::c::c::;;;clccccc:;;;;;;;;:llc:::::c::;;;;;:::;;;;;;;:clool ,',:c,,c:;:ccccccc::c;,;;;::::;;::clc::::cccc:clc:lddoll:::lll::;::ccllcclcc::clc:cccl::c;:d:;:;:;;:l;;:;;ll::ccc::;;,;;c:;;;;:;:::;::;,'''',;,';cccc::c:;, dccol':c:cc:llccccc;:::::c:;;:::;:;::cc::cldo:clcclclllcllcllcll;:::cc::ccc:;;:clc:::cccc:;cc;;::;:::,,;:clccc::c::;;,,::;;;;;;::;;::,'.,;loll:,';::cllc::; c::l::::cl:clccoolll:;,;;;::::::;:clllc::lloccol:cccccllllccllldc,'';:;:cc;;:;;:::::c:::;;;,,,;cc::c::::ccoc;::::::::;';cc:;::::;;;;;,'.;ldo;;:c;',;,:c:::: ::ll;::clllollccccloo:;,,;:c;';;cccccc::;llolddo:llcccccccloolclo;,,:lcc:;;::;:::;;;;:::c;,;;:::cccllc::;;:;;;::::::c::;:::::::;:c;,,,,',ll;,;;:;;:ccccc;:l lod::ccccol:llcllol::;::;::::::::cl:c::::ccloo:;:cc:c:ccc::cllccloccc:::;;::::::::c;::::ccc:::;,;ccccccccl:;;:c:;:;;:cc:::::c:::::c;;::;,c;;;,;:c;,:lododoc dxxdoccccollolc;;;:,,ll:;;:c:lo::;::::;;;ccll:,,:::cocl:ccccc:ccc::ccllc:;;;;c;;:clc;:cc:;,;,,::::llc::c::;;::;:;:;;:cclc::clc::::cc:;;,;l;,;;,,,',:;.';,,' c::;:cc:clllllc:::::,,c:;::::;:;;;;:cc:ccc::c;;::;;locc;:clc::::cc:clccc:;;;;lc:::::::cc:::::::ccc:::::::::;;;;;;:;::cloolc::::ccccc:::;,l:;;,,;,;ldd;',;;, ;;::c::cccc:cc:loc:c:;,;:llc:c:;;;;;:::cc::c:::;::::::::c::::ccc:clll::::::;cllc;;;c::;;:clc:c:;::;::::;;:::;;;,::;;:lllc::::::;;;:;;:::;lc;;,;;;ldxxc,',,, ;;;cl;;dc::;;:occlc:;:;;:c:;;;;'',;::c:c:;:::::c::::c;::;::::c:;:lcol;;;:c;;;;;::;:::::;:cl:,:c;;:ccc:;;::::;;:cc::;::cclcccc:::,::;:::;,:c;,,',,clc:,,,,,, 1.3 Terminal ============ Open a Linux terminal. On the upper left hand side of the screen select Activities. ........................................................................................................................................................... ....,...,',..',,'.'.'...................................................................................................................................... ...::;:.:,::;;::::o:o'..................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ...';.. ......................................................................................................................................... .'';::cOX0l. ......................................................................................................................................... .,:ldoc:o0XXd. ...............';;;;;;;;;................................................................................................................ .;:cc;,;;:k00; ...............::::::::::,............................................................................................................... .,:clcc:':Okx' ...............:ccccccccc;............................................................................................................... .,:cc:coxxd, ...............:lld0O0oll;............................................................................................................... ..',::::'. ...............cloKxoOXol;............................................................................................................... ...............cllx0k0xll;............................................................................................................... ...............'::::::::;................................................................................................................ .'.... ................;'.....';................................................................................................................ .':lc;;;,'.. ................:,:;d;o:l:............................................................................................................... .cdccol:::::;. ......................'.................................................................................................................. .,0XKWWWWWkcc:;. ......................................................................................................................................... .cNMWNWWWWKc:;;. ......................................................................................................................................... .cokKNMMMX:;;. ......................................................................................................................................... .. ..':dl'.. ......................................................................................................................................... .... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ........ ......................................................................................................................................... 'ldddddxxxxdo' ......................................................................................................................................... .lx0XXXXKKKK0ko. ......................................................................................................................................... .oxXWWWWWWWWXkd. ......................................................................................................................................... .oxNWWWWWWWWXkd. ......................................................................................................................................... .okXWWWWWWWWXko. ......................................................................................................................................... ;kOOOOOOOOOOk; ......................................................................................................................................... ..''''''''.. ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... .lddxxxxxxddc. ......................................................................................................................................... .xXX0l::::l0XXx. ......................................................................................................................................... .OXd'cxooxc'xXO. ......................................................................................................................................... .OX:'kl..lk'lXO. ......................................................................................................................................... .0Xd.o0kO0o.xN0. ......................................................................................................................................... An input box saying "Type To Search..." box will appear. .. ... ... .,,;'..,;.;'. .. ................. . ..''........'...... Inside the "Type To Search..." input box type the word "terminal". .... ........ .,';'..',.;,. . . .. .........'; ... . . .. ........... ... . ... . ...................... ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,' ,;,,,,dd;,,,,,,,,,,;,, ,;,,,,;,:c:,,,,,,,,;;, ,;;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,;;, . ,;;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,;;, . ,;;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,;;;, .. ,;;;;,,,,,,,,,,;,;;;;, .. . . ,;;;;;lllllcllol;;;;;, .. . .. ',,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,' .. . . .. . .. . .. . The Linux terminal icon will appear. Select the terminal icon by clicking on it with the left mouse button. The terminal is also known as the Linux shell or the command line. ........................................................................................................................................................... ...............................................................'...'.'...'.............'..............................................................,,... ..........................................................clcc:ccldxldcdclcd:,o;lcl:l:lcld:l:c,.,..............................................;;....:dd:.. ...................................................................'..................................................................................''... ........................................................................................................................................................... ..:,:;,...;;,;,;...';;;;,;....:;;,,,,;;....;;,,',',,;:,...,'::;,,.......................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................................... .'.. ....'. .'. ....'''.....'' 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': ': ': ': ': ': ': ': ': ': ': ': ': ': ': ': ': ': ': ': ': ': ': ': ': ': ': ': ': ': ': ': ': ': ': ': ': .. :,...';'...,,,'.......'',::cclloodooloolollloooododkO000O00KKK0KKKK00KKK0KXXX0XXXX0KKKK00KKXK0KKKK0xdxddoddoooodooolooollllloxxllllcllclccclollolclolcccc:c ''....''''',,,,,;;;::cclooooooodxooolooooooooddxkO0O0K00OKKK0KKKK0KKXXKKKKXXXK0XXKX0KKXK0KXXKKXXK0xdooooooooooolddolooloololloollolloollllloclodc:llcc:::cl '',,;;:::c:ccccclllooooooolllldxdooddoodddkxk0OO000OKKK0OKKKO0KKK0KXXXK0KKXK0KXXXXKXKXXXXKKXXXX0kddooooodddddodkddodoolooodooooollllllllcccccl:llcccollllll ,;;:::cccccclllloooooooollcokOxoodxdxkOOO00O0KKK0KKKKKKKKXXK0KXXXK0XXXX0KXXKK0XXXX0KXXXXKXXK0Oxkdxddxdddooodooodoodddooooollllloldlloollllllcllocclc:ccccll ccccccccccclllllloooollccoOOdxkkkOO00Ok000O0KXK0KKKK00KKKK0KKKKKKKKXXXX0OKKKX0KXXXX0KXXXXXKkxddddxddxdddolodoooodxooooodddoddodxlloodoooooolclcodocllcc:col ccccccccccccclllllllllclkKKOOK00OO0K0k0KK00XXXK0KKKK0KKKKKKXXXX0KXXXX0KKKKKKKK0XKKXXKK0Okkddxxdxxddddxdodxdddddoddoooooddddddxddoooooolldddollclllollllccld ::cccccclcllllllllcclokK0O0KK0000O00000K00KXKK0KKKK00KKKX0KXXXX0KXXXK0KXXXX000KXKK00kkddddddxdoddxdddddddxxddddddddddddoodxddoddoolollllllooolloxolloollccl :;:::cccccccccllclldkKkxk00OO000O0K00OOKK0OKKKKKKKK0KKKXXOKKKKK0KKKKK0OKKKKKKKXXKkxdddddooddddddxxxdodddoloooddddodddxdxddxxddddooooloollclooolddollclolllo ;;:::cc:cccccccclx0KkkkO0O0000Ok0KK0O0KKK0OKKKKK0KKKKKKXK00KKKK0KKXXXK0XXKKXKOxxxxxxxdddddxxxxxxdddoooodooddddddodxddxdoodddoxoloooooddodoooollllllllllllcl ,,;;;::cccclllldOKOdk00OkO00Oxx0000OOKKKKOKKKKKk0KKKK00KKKKK0KKKKKKKKKKXK0Okdddxxddxddxdddxxdkkkkdooxooloxxdoddxdkxdddddxxdooddocldoolloodoclllllllllllllll ',;;:::c:ccccdOoclok00xxO000xx00K0OO00KKO0KKKKOOKKKKK0KXXXXKOKKKKKKKKKKOkkxdxxxddxdxdodxdddodxddxdooddlloddxxkxdloodddddodooclooolloooooooooololllooollllcc ,;;;::clllodO0xxdOK0OO0OxO00OO000O0KKKKO0KK000OKKKKKKkKKKKKKO0KXKKOOOkkxdddoddxxxdxxxdxxdddxddoodododxxxxxoxxxllllloccooooolccoxodollllllcccllccoollddollol ::::::cclkKXkxO000O000kk000KOk00KKKKKK0O00000OOKKKKKOOKKXXX00Okxkxdxkkdddxkodddxdoodoxdooloxoxdodddxxdkkkxxdddddooddllodolololllcclccccc:::cloc:llollcllclo ::::clloOOxkOOkOkkO00kk0000Ok00OOOxO0O0KXXXXKk00K00000000kooldddxxxkxdddddddxkxlooxddddddooooxxkxxodxkxxxxkxdoodolodoooolllllloolllolcccccollloocdolloocllc ::cllxkkooxOOkddxO0OkOO000OO00000OO00KKKOk0KKKK0OOO00O0dc;,,'.':lollllllllco:,;:;:looodxxdddddxddxddodkxxddddoddddddddoooodddolclloolllccllllcclllddlccllll clxOOOxdOOxOOxxkkkkk00000kO0KKKK0OKKKXK0kO0KXXXK00kddo,.. .,;:cc::::::;;;'...',;:ldddddoddkxxddodlldooodxolodlclxddodoodododoolooollllddlollcccooolcclcl ox0klcdkOOxooxkkolxOO000xOKKKKK0xO00OOO0KK0O00Oxxdoc:... ..',::;,,,,;;;;;,'. ..;:lodoodddddddooooddxxdodooodloocoooooooolloollllllccclolllloloddodlc:: KKdloxkxxxddkO0kx00000OxkO0000Ok0KOOKKK0Oxdodddoldl;;c:.. ...',:,......',,,''... ..,,,;ldoddddddddxddxxoooooooooooooooddkkolllcclloolllllllllllcdoodoccc: oodOOOxlodxkO0OkkkOOOOxO000000KKK00kddxxdodddoooodcldddd:...,;,'....'....,;,'... .,,,',dddxxxdxdoodddddoddxxxooodxxooloooolloxolllloooloololooolclccc;;:c oxkkkkxdxox000000000kxOO0KKO0Okkxdxdoooodoolcooooododxdool,',,' .'''.. .',,'.. .,oxo,'cxdddxxdkxodddooolodldxdoxddddolodlclllldlododdodoolxdcccclolccclcl 00OkloddddkOOOkkOO0OOkkOOOOkxdddddddoooooclloodxdddoodoool;';::..,,,,'..,cc;.. .ldddocxkxddddxxxooddxkxdlodxooododdddddllloooddoloooollloodoclooloolcc:cc OOkdolcodkOOkkK00OOkxddddoooodooooddoloddoodxoolloooddoooo,'.,,';::cc,..','..... 'odddkdxxxxdddxoodddxxxxddxxxocodxxxdddoollddooooooooodxoolloclloollolccl dooodxkO00000kOkxdddlddoodooodooooddooodolododoloooddxdodo,..',;::cdl;'''........ .'';oOxodxddolllodoxkdddddoddddodooddxddolooodxxodddoollllollllloddllllll kOOxkkxxkkddxoooooooodooddoooooddddodddddddkxdoooxxxxxxdddo'.':ccokKXkc''..... .....,....;cdddxddddoxxdoxdxdoololcoddooddxxxddooodooxdddolollllxdoldololclo xddddolodddoooodlllllooodlldoldxddddxxxxkxdooxdxxxxxxxdodddo;lxkddOKNKNo'... .....''......';cxxdddddddddxdooddolllddlodooodolooxdodoodoldoooddoll:c:cc:co oocccloclododolllooolcloododoldoddddddkddddoooododdxxoododoo0OlllolcdKWWkl.. .. ...',,'...''..;ldddkkdoloxkxlodoookdldolloodlodoolclooooooxxdddoolcdoolc: lllclolllloooolcccodxkxdddddloooddddooddooxoooodoloolloddodoKl.','..;XWWNx''... ....',:;....,,...,coldooooloxdoooollololoxkdxdccolodddoolodxdddllllllclc:l lccllololcloldlllclododdooddloddxdddoddoddddddxxdxkoodooolloK0;....;okKWWNk:. .......'l;....,;,....,coolodolloc::cldoooxddddloooOdodddolddooddoloooooolooo cccccccldollcodolllcllodooxoododooolooddxxxxdoddooddddoddodd0koc,,:clo0NNKl .......,:.....',;,....';lll:;;,,''',:oolcdoolloooddxxdxdoddxxolodooooooocclo :cclclooolllldkdxkdodolllllolllllooddddoodkkdddxkolodloddxdolloO0OOkOkoc:'. .......','....',;;,......,:;;,,,,;cclcloxdlloooodooooloddodddodocloollcdkoldx ccclollcllllcldooodooolloodxxooooldkkOkdxxddddoldooooodoodoool';x00KKK0xd;...................',,'.......,;,,,ccxoddlloodolllllloollcllodddddollcooolcccccoc dllo:cllclodoolooooloookdloloodxoldlooddodooollodkxoodddxxddol,,c;ckKXXNXx,..... ..........'''......'',;,;:c:lldolooolllcc:ccclllllldoodxxddoodolllclldoo cloc:lloodxdddodollloodlcloodoloololodollodooooddddoollooccocclclclo0NNWNl... ..............'......',;;;;:looololodddolcccclolccoodoolllodoooodxdollodddd llclolldoooolooloxooooooodddooddlooloolloolllxdddllooodooollodkkXXXWWWWWNO:'........................','.':ccloodooxolollllolllodlloolldxddddddoooddddodkxdd lllodooddoddooolcclkdlllodooloddolloodkddloooooolldooddodloolccoxKNWMMMWWWXOo;.....................'','..,;clldkdccoollldlclddlclllcloollldooc:loooooxkxddc locll::cddxdooolllccllccoooxolldoodoodoolocdolllllooddloolloccllcokXWWWWWWWWNXl,............. ..'',''..'oddoooodocclloolcxxllollollodoooddoooodddoodxdol doc:::cloddolloollloooloooolccolllolooooolldddddloxdooxxolccllllllloxOXXNNWWNXk:'.......... ........''....,lllllolcollodooollloooloollloodooollollccodlcccl lllclccloddlcolloooooollllolldllooddooolodooooollolccldxdolccllllcccl:':oxO00x;.................. .......:clclollclollollollcloccoooolllloolccoloolooollld llc:cllddc::cllolollllcolclllldolclocoddodddddodoooolllcclcclcocccccc;...':cc'..........:,'',;,,. ......'cccloccllccllollllloollooxdo:clllodxloolcooodooood olcclodo::coolllllcccc:cccl:cdoclooddddoolloodoollol:oocclclcccllccccc,..';,,coo. ...'''',,;;'..........:,;;cdodoll:ccldlcloclcooolccclllcxdddollllloooldod llllodd:;::dkdlcodoollccloc:ccllooooclolddddodxdcc;:looollllol:clcclloK0kd;,cKXOo....''''............',,;:;cxoldllocccoooloodxolooollolodololodooodddollxdx lcll:ccc:lc:l;,clc:;:c::c:lldoollc:ccccldddxloodllolollllcccldoolcclONMWNk;,,:l,''....'''''''.......,',;;c:::oxx:::clcldxkkkk0kool:looloododoxxodxdoddlcdxx cclllccccc;:lllcloolc::cllddololcooloolcoocc:ol;clddlccloxdolollllxNMMMXd;;;,,,,;,...','''''.. .'',:;;:loodoollcclolccoooldkOOxdxoollolloodololodoodddddol lllol:ccccloddooccc::;:cll::lolloocolllolcccccclllcclcolloclc:lccclOdxkolc::;,,,dx:::,';;,',. .,;,;:;cllllxocccllllolclloookOOOOOkkxdddclloooooodxdooddddd ollcllllccllocool:::::cclllll::cclllc:;:ccccccc:clccclooollccc:clllc:clcc:::;;;lXWNX:,;;;;dX0,.';;;:lcllccccllcldoollldxollooooxxxxxxxxolcclooodxdxxxxxddoo lclclcocccclllllccllllc:cool:ccclccll:ccllclccccclc:::cc::cccclllollc:::cc:::::xWMWN:::c::kNNx;,clcllcclcloodooodolllddxdoooloxdloddddodlcclolodxkdoxxdoll: llllllc::::cclolc::lcXKl:cclcccloolcclccccclddollclolcc:::cc:ol:cccccc:ccccclclNMMMN:cccc:ld0dc:clollooloooooooocloddddocddccolllooooooolcoll:llodoloddlllc l::cc:::::l:coocccccx0d::cc:cllcc:c:clccccc:clcccclclc:::ccc:ol::c::lcclcccclckNWWWKcccllclcc:c::kkdoollollccccccoddddoooxdllllcclcldooollllldoooddlcllloll ::cl::c:;:coooclclllcc::ll:l:cc::ccclccccllccc::clc:cllcc:;:cc:;;:cllcdl:llccccdWNKlllllcclc:lllclollollclcloodloddxdxxodkxddllllooccccl::cllolldlolcllcccl ::llcccllllodllccccooolloclol:ccccll::c:::clc::ccccccccc::cllclcccllcll:cccc:colllllccclllooc:clllclccclcc:coooooodddoclodxxxkdooolllocclc:::::::;:c:lclcll lloooooollldlccooll:;ccocll:loololclclcccl::cc:loxlc::::c:::ccloccllllcc:llclllolclooccllolccll::clllllcc:cclcodddoddllooxxxdkkdooooodxddocccclcc;:olcccolc lloddollodlccccddc:clccllcllllccllccllcc:c::ccccldlc:::lclccclkdcc:;:lllclllclllllllllclodxoclcclclclclllcoolloollolloodk0xdddxdlcloddollooolllllcc:;;;ldcc olllllllcloo:cclcclolllccllll:cllc:c::::cccllccllloollccllccodolcc::lllclcclccllcccllooldlllllccolllcloooccodololcllcllodxxxd:locccccoollocc:::lxlllccllo:c cccclc;:clclcclclcolclclclcdxlccc::c::::ccc:ccclllcc::lclooccccclolllcllllllllolcllollol::cllloccoooolloolldxxllolccccc:cdxxxl;llc:;;llcccllolcddocc:::;::: ;:;cldcc;;lolccolocclc:cl::l:lccll:lollccccccclcclllcdxloo;:llc:clccocclllllllcollllccccollllllllloodolcllloolclxkdcc::c;;clllccc::;:dlcccdollcclcccoc::ccc loodold::ooc:c:clc:ccccc:;:ccccclocolc::cclclclolllllolll:clloo:cloc:cllcccclcoo::lol:cccllldocccloclllllloooodlloolccccclcc:lcccc:;:olxollollllooodolc::c: lcccc:;;:c::::::c::clc;;;cccc::::ccc;::clc::lloccclcccccclclldxcoloocccc:c::looccccllllolcc:oolllclcclllolooodddllc:::c:loolc:;cc::::clxolccccc:ccllc:::cc; clc:::,,;;ccc::clccl;;l::ccl:;;;;cc,;:lccc:llclcclcc:::;ccccoooldl:cccloll:::ldcc:cololclcc;llc:c:c:l:cllocccollcllcllll:colxl:lldolllodclc::cllccccllxxklc Congratulations! You have logged into Linux and opened a terminal on the desktop! The Linux Terminal is a command language interpreter that executes commands read from your input. In the next chapter we will execute some commands. 2 Linux Commands **************** ...............''''''''',',,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,;;;;;::::::;,::,ccc,;;::ccllddxk0KNMMMMMMWNK0Okxdddoooool,...........:dxOO000KKKK0KKKK00K000000OOOkkddddoooo .......................''''''''''''''''''''',,,,,,;:;:::::;,;:,:cc;;;;:cclodddk0KNWMMMMMMNXKOkkxdoolll:.............:dxkO00KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK0K000OOOxddddddoo .....................''''''''''',,,,,,,;;;;;;;;;:,,;:::::::;;:,:cc;;;::cclloddkOKXWMMMMMMNXK0kxxdoollc..............ldxkO00KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK000OOxxxxddddo ........'','''''''''',,,,,,,,,,,,;;;;;,;;;;;;;,::;,;:::::::;;:,;cc;;;::cclloddkO0XWMMMMMMWXK0Okxdooll:.............;oxkOO00KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK000OOkxxxxddddo .........',,''.''''',,,,,,,,,,,;;;;;;;;;;;;;::;:::,;;::::::;,:;;cc;;;::cccllodxk0KNMMMMMMNXKOOkxdooll;.............ldkOO00KKKKKKKXKKKKKKKKKKK00OOkxkkxxdddd .........'',,'',,,,,,;;;;;;;;;;;;;:::::::::::::;::,;;::::::;,:;,cc::c:::ccllodxk0KNMMMMMMNXKOkxxdoolc;............,oxkO000KKKKXXXXXKKXKKKKKKK000Okxkkxxxddd .........'',,'',,,,;;;;;;;;;;::::::::::::::::::;::;;;:;,,,,'..'.'''',,,;;;:cldxkOKNMMMMMMNX0Okxddoolc;......... .:xkO00KKKKKKKXXXXXXXXKXKKKKKK0Oxkkkxxxxdd .......'''',,,',,,,,;;;;;;;;;;:::::::::::::::::;::;,,,.......................,;:lkXMMMMMMNX0Okxxdollc,............dOOO0KKKKKKKXXXXXXXXXXKXXKKKK0Oxkkxxxxxxd ........'''',,',,,,,,,,,'......,;;;,,,'.................. .......... ........'lXMMMMMNK0Okxddollc,..'........,k0000KKKKKKKXXXXXXXXXXXKKKKK00kkOkkxxxxxd ........'''',,,'.......... ..... .... ......... ..''... ...'''...'cXMMMMNK0Okxdoollc,...,.... .,lO000KKKKKXXXKXXXXXXXXXXXKKKK00kkOkkkxxxxx ............... ..... ....... ..... .... ......... ..'.'.......'''''',;oNMMMNK0Okxdoollc'. ..'. . .x000KKKXKKXXXXXXXXXXXXXXKKKKKK0kOkkkkxxxxx ...... ........ .''... ...........''.... ............''..''':KMMMNK0Okddolllc'. .... .,OKKKKKKXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXKKKK0OkOkkkkkxxxx .. ....... ..''....''.''...''......................''..'';0MMMNK0kxddolllc' .... .k0KKKKKXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXKKKK0OOOkkkkkxxxx .. .... ........ .''...',,,,;,'.',,'....... ............'.'';KMMMNK0Oxddollcc. . .d0KKKKKXXXXXXXXXNXXXXXXXXXXXKKK0kkkkkkkkxxxx ... ...... ......... ...''...'...,,...',''''.... ....'''........':NMMMNK0Oxxdoollc. .:00KKXXXXXXXXXXXXNNXXXXXXXXXXKKK0kOkkkkkkxxxx ........... .......... ....,'..............'''''.... ....''''......'dMMMWNKOkxddoolll' .lO0KKKXXXXXXXXXXXXNNNNNXXXXXXXKKKOkkkkkkkkxxkx .......... .......... ....................... ....''.... ...'''''''...,0MMMWXKOkxddoolll. .xKKKKXXXXXXXXXXXXXNNNNNXXXXXXXXKKKOkkkkkkkkxxkk ........ .............. ......'''...'....... ...'''.. ..''''''....lNMMMWX0Okxddoolll. .xKKKKXXXXXXXXXXXXXXNNXXXXXNXXXXXKK0kkkkkkkkkkxxx ..... ............ .......''''''..... ...''... .''''.....;OWMMMWX0Okxdoolllc. ,OKKXXXXXXXXXXXXNXXXXXNNXXXXXXXXKKK0kkOkkkkkkkkkx ................ ... ..'',,',''... ...''... ..'''....'oKWMMMWX0Oxxdoolllc. .c000KXXXXXXNNXXXNNNNNNNNNXNXXXXXKKK0xkkkkkkkkkkkk ................ ...',,,,',,'.. . ...............'''...;xXWMMMWX0kkddoolllc. . 'OKKKXXXXXXNNNXXXXNNNNNXNNXNXXXXXKK0xkkkkkkkkkkkk .............. ...,,,'',,,.... .... ...............:kKWMMMWX0kxddoollcc. ..lKKKXXXXXXXXNNNNXNNNNNNNNXXXXXXKKKOxkkkkkkkkkkkk ........... ..''',,,''..... ...... ..'.............lkKWMMMWX0kxdoolllc:. . .xXXXXXXXXXXXNNNNNNNNNNNNNXXXXXKKKkxkkxxxkxxxxxx ........ ....',,,'.. . ....... ..,c''::.......,okKNMMMWXOkxdoolllc:. . 'kXXXXXXNXXNNNNNNNNNNNNXNXXXXXKK0xxkkkxxxxxxxkk ..... ....'''... ......... ....',,;;'....;clodk0NMMMWKOkxdoolllc;. .dXNNXXXXNXNNNNNNNNNNNXXXXXXKK00xkkkkkkkkkkxkk . .... . .....''... ..............'''......,clodk0XMMMWKOxddolllcc;. .oKNNNNXNXXNNNNNNNNXXXXXXXXKKKOdkkkkkkkkxkkxx .,l' .... .......,;';:... .................. ....,clodxOXWMMWKOxdoolllcc;. .;KNNNNXXXNNNNNNXXXXXXXXXXKKKkxkxkkxkkkxxkxx . ..:od;...;l;.. ......',',,,lKc... ....'...''........ ....,clloxOKWMMWKOxdolllccc,. ..,OXNNNXXXNNNNNNXNNXXXXKKKKKkxkkkkkkxxxxxxx ...... ..,lxOOO0Oo,'. .'''...,:;,,:oo;... ....',''',,''''... ....;cclodk0NMMNKOxdollcccc, .oXNNNXXXXNNNNNXNXXXXKKKK0xkkkkkkxxxxxxxx .... ..;ok0XXXk;... .''... ..'.'...... ...'''',,;,,,,... ....';:clodx0NMMN0kxoollccc:' .;kXNNNNXXXXXNXXXXKKKKKKOdkkkkkkxxxxxxxx .... .'lx0KXXOc... ..'... ..'''''.........''',,,;:;'.........,::clodxOXMMN0kdollccc::' ..:0NNNNXXXXXXXXXXXKKKKOxkkkkkkxxxxxxxx . ........ .,lk0XXX0l.. ...'.. ....''..''''''''',,:::,.........,;:cclodOXWMW0kdollccc::. .oKNNNXXXXXXXXXXXXK0xxkkxkxxxxxxxxxx .......... .,ok0XXXKx;.. ..... ..'..'''''''''',;::;,''.......,::clldkKWMN0kdollcc::;. ... .'dKNNNNNNXXXXXXKK0xkkkkxxxxxxxxxxx ... .... .'lk0KXXXKkc.. ... ...'.''.''....',,;:c:cc:,.....,::ccldkKWMN0kdollc:::;. .............. . ...'oKNNNNXNXXXKKKOxkkkxxxxxxxxxxdd . ..... ..:dk0KKXXXKOdc,.. ..........'...',,,;:llddol:,..,;::clox0NMN0xoollc::;,. .'oxOKXNXXXXKK0kdkkkxxxddddddddd .... ....';ok0KKXXXXXKOdc'. .........'...'',,;cloxk00kc'';::clox0NWNOxollcc::;,,'......................ldxxxk0XNXKK0Oxxkkkxxxddddddddd ...... ..,cxOOKKKKKKKK0k; ......'''''',,;:lok0K00Oo,,;:ccldONWXOdolcc:::;,,'''''''''.............cddxxkkxxO0KK0Odxxxxxddddddddddd ...:odkkOOOOOOkd; .......''''''',;coxO0KKOxl,,:clldOXWXkdlcc:::;,,,''''''...............;oddxxkkkkkxkO0kdkxxxxddddddddddd .'clddxxxkkko. ....''''',,'';:lxOKKKOxo;;:cldOXNKkolc:::;;,,''''''...............,odddxxkkkkkxxddxdxxxxdddddooddxxx ..,;cloodx; ...',,,,;:c;,,;:oxkkxO0Kd,;:lokKNKxolc:::;,,,''''................'ldddddxxxxxxxdddloxxdddddddoooodxx .. . .,:cc::, ..',''',:cllc;,;:llc::l00l';coxKN0dlcc:::;,,''''.................:lddddxxxxxxxxdlldxxxxdddoooooooodd ...... ... .':cclddl.. ...;c::c:ccllc:;;,,,,'.'lko',;lxKX0dlc:::;;,,''''................;ooodddxxxddooodxkkkkxxdddoooooooood ... ... . .ccodddl' . ....'',;lxkkxdc;;;;::;,''....,l:..,cdKXOdlc:::;;,,''''...............;lollllloodddxxxxxxxxxxddddooollloooo ........... . .cooool:..'''. ....:odxxdoxxl,....''',''''..',...';o0KOdlc::::;,,'''...............,cloodddxkOkkxxxxxxxxxxxddddoolllllloo .. . .lxxdolc,..''''.....cx0XX0xddl,......','.....''...':oO0Oolc::::;,,'''...............,oodddddxxkkkkxxxdddxxdddooooolllllllo .. ,odddol:'...''''','.':dKXXXX0Odc...................,:lxkxlcc:::;,,,''.................;odddddxkkkkxxxxxddxxxxddooolllllllll . .coolccl,...''',,,,,;;;:dkkOKK0xdl;............ ..... 'loodxxxxxkkkxxxxdddddddoollcccccccc . ,clc;,:c;.''',,,,,,,;;,,,;c:cdkOxoc:;,,''...... ...',;loo:,'''................... .. ..'looxxxxxxxxxxxxddddddoooolcccccccc . .';ll;. ....',,,,,,,,;,,;;;,,'',,,,,'.... ......,:loxkK0dc:;;,,'''.......................ldxxkxxxxxxxxdddddoooolllcccc:::c .. .;c;'.. ..........''''''''''','......... ......,;:::cdkl;;,,''''........................,xxxxxxxxxxxxdddddoooolllc::::::: .. .';,'. .....................'''''........ .. ..';:clol,,;;,,,,'''.........................lkxxxxxxxxxxxdddoooolllc:::::;;; . ... ........................ ... ....';clllc:;,,,'''.........................:kkkkkxxxxxddddddooolllc::::;;;, . ...........',:cloolc:;;;,'.'....................,kOkxxxxxxxdddddoooolllc:::;;;;; .....''........',;codkOOOOkdolc:::;,,,,''......;;xOkkkxxkxxxddddoollllll::;;;;,, .....''',;;:;'......',:loddxddooolllccc::::::::xkxkkxxxxxxxddddooollllll:;;;;,,, ........................ .....''',;:oxl;,'.......''''''.................''dOOkxxkxxxxdoddoooollllc;;;,,,, ......................... .....''',:oxl;,'''''............................cOOOkxxxxxxdddoollc::cc:;'''... ................ .....''',;ldc;,''''.............................'dxkkxxxdlc,'.................. 2.1 'whoami' ============ The command 'whoami' prints your userid. At the Linux terminal type the command: 'whoami'. . .'...'.'.'.'''...'.'.'...'.....'...'.'.,.........:. .;;c,;';;;', ................ . ... . ... ..... ......... ... ............ ,c;:.;.;.c. .. ..... ..... ..... . .... .... ....... . ... ;Ol .'.'.....'.'''.'.....'...'.....'.'.'...'.'.'.'...:. cMx ... Linux responds that "bella" is the userid. Your system should respond with your userid. 2.2 'pwd' ========= The command 'pwd' is used to print the name of current working directory. .. .... . .. . . . .. . .'.'.'.'.'.,',.'.'.'.'...'...........'.'.........,; ,,,;,: ... . ... ..... . . .. .. ...... .;';,;;',:.,.:,:.,.,.;' ... ........ ......... . .. .... .................. '. ',.' ...........'.................. ..................., ',.' Bella's current working directory is '/home/bella'. Therefore the 'bella' directory is inside the 'home' directory. The first slash character '/' in the '/home/bella' directory name is known as the root directory. The 'home' directory is subdirectory of 'root'. The 'bella' directory is a subdirectory of 'home'. All users of Linux have a directory in '/home'. Linux has a hierarchical file system. The hierarchy starts with the root directory '/'. The structure of the file system looks like a tree. Inside the root directory '/' you will find files and subdirectories. The subdirectories can continue to have their own files or subdirectories. This structure can continue for many levels. 2.3 'ls' ======== The command 'ls' lists directory contents. Directories can also be called folders. At the Linux terminal type the command: 'ls'. . ... . . ... ... ... .. .. ..........'.'.'.....'...'.....'......'.........c' ,.:. .. . .... . .. .. . .. .. .. ... . . .. . . . . . .. .. ... .. . .............. .................. .................. .......... ................ ............ ......'. ................. ............ ................. . .. ..................... .,. :Nd ......................... .....................,. :Ko We see Bella has some directories. Your system should display something similar. We can look inside an individual directory by giving command 'ls' a specific directory name to look in. Type the command: 'ls Music' ... ........... .... ... . ...... .. ........ ............................................................................................................ .,.'.'.'.'.,',.'..............'.'.'.'.,.'.'....'; ,.,'.................................................................................................... ...................... ...................... .. ............. ... ............. ............ ...... ..... ............ ......... .............. . .. .................................... .................................... ................ . ............................................. ............... ...................... ...................... ... ..... ............. ...... . .. .. . .. .. ............... ... . .. .. . . . . .'.'.....'.,.'..................'.'...'.........,..'''...'''',...'......................................................................................... ......................................'...........'..' ... .... ........................................................................................... ...........'................. ..................'..''...................................................................................................... .......... .................................... ....................................................................................................... Looks like Bella has no music since the 'Music' directory is empty. When we type a command such as 'ls Music' we say that 'Music' is an argument to the command 'ls'. When we type the command 'ls' alone we can say 'ls' has no arguments. We can check if Bella has any documents. Type the command: 'ls Documents' .. .... .. ... .. . .. . .. .. .'.'.....'.,'.................'.'.'.'.,.'...'..'; ''', .... ......... ... ........... . .. . ........... ... ... . .... .... . ... ....... . . ... ... ......... . ... . .... . . . . .............. .................. .................. .......... ................ ............ ........ .................. ........... ........................... ....................' '... ,'....'... ...................... ..... ............... .' .... .......... .'.'.....'.''.................'.'.'.'.,.'...'..'; ,'', :,;,,.,:;,c,:':.:. .. ........... ....... ... . ... ........... .. dO.. . . .... ....... .'.'.. ..'.'....................'.'...'.'...'..., XM. ... The 'Document' directory is empty. Bella has no documents. KKK0OO00OOkdxxxO0OOO00O0K0OO0KXXXKK0XKKXXXNNNNNWWNXXXXNNWXXNNWWNXXNNNNXK00OkkOOkxddooool::::lccllllooooccclooccldk0xddddkxkOdoodollo0KOO0XXNWWXXWWMWO;::l,. OO000OkkOKOkkO0K00OOO00KK0000KKKKXX00KXXXNWNXNNNNNXXXXXXWNNWNXK0OkkkxxdxxxkkkOOOkxxdodddocccllcclloolllccllooc::co:,,;:cclodooddoookOkkxOKXNNWWWMMMWNo::c'. 0000OOOkkkOO000O00K00K00000K00KK0XXXO0KXXXXXKKKXXXKKK00OOkxxdooooollllooodddxxkkkxxdoloolllllllcllloolllcllollccll;. ..',;:lddolcokOO0xdOKXXNNWMMMMWOccc'. OkOOOOkkkOOkkkkkkkkKK0OOOkOkddO0kkkK000KXX0Okkxddooooooooolllllllllllllooooodddddoolc:::::ccllllllllolllcclllccllcc,. ..,,oo;dxlodolx0XNNWWMMMMWXoll;: dkddkkkkkOOOkO0OOOOO00OkOO0000Okxxxxxdolllcllllclllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllolllc:;;;;;::ccllllllloollolloooolc,... ..';,oooldocdKWWWMMMWXlc,., dkkxdxddkO00KKKK000Okxxddddllc:::::::::::::ccccccclllllllllllllllcccccccccccccclllc:;;,,,,,;;;:cclllloolooooddoool'........ ....,:lxl::lOMMMWXlc,'' OOO0OOOO000Okxddol:;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;:::::::::ccccllllllllllcccccccccccccccclllllllllc:;;,,,,,,,,;:ccllcclllooooooolll:,.......... ......oMMMWXl:,cl Okxddollc:;;,,,,,,,,;,,,;;;;;;;;;:::::cccccccccccc:::::::cccccccccccccccccccccccccc:;,,,,,,,,;;:::clc::ccccclllllccllc;,........... .':lxOKO,'.', ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,;;;;;;;;;::::::::::::::;;::::::::::::cccccccccccccccccccccccccc:;,,,,,,,,;;:::cl:;;;;;;;::::cc:llccc::,''..................;;,,,,;;;,,, ,,,,,,,,,,;,,,,;;;;;;;;:::::;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;:::::::::::::ccccccccccccccccccccccccccc:;;,,,,,,,,,;:::cc;,,,,,,,:::cc;cllccc:::::c:;'..............,,,,,,,,,,, ,,,,,,,;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;:::::::::::::::ccccccccccccccccccccccccccc::;;,,'''',,,,;:;;:c;',,,,,,;:;cc;cllccc:::::cllc:,''''......'',,,,,,,,;;; ,,;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;,,,,,;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;:::;:::::::::cccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc::;,'''''''',;;;,;c;,,,,,,,,;;:c::ccccc:::;;:cllc:;;:::;;;;::::;;;:c:;,,' ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;:::::::::::cccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc::;;,'''''',,,,;;,;::,,,,,,,,;;:cc:cccc:::::;:cccc:;;::c::::c::;;,'',;:ll; ,,,,,,,,,,,;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;:::::::::::::::::::ccccccccccccccc::cc:cc::::;,,,,,,,,,,;;;;;::;,,,,,,,;::cc::ccc::;;;;:ccccccllll:;,,'.....lkOOOOOO ,,,,,,,,,,,,;;;;;;;;;;,;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;:::::::::c::cccccccccccccccccccccc:::;,,,,,,,,,;;;;;;:;;,;,,,,;::cl::cccc:::cccodolcc;'..,c:. ..'okkkOOOO ,,,,,,,,,,;;;;;;;;,,,,,,;;;;;;;;;;,;;;;;::;;;;::::::::::::ccccccccccccccccccccccccc::;;,,,,,,,,,;;;;;::;,;;,;;;:::cc::cloollccc:::::;cloclxl. ..,xOOOOkOO ,,,,,;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;,;;;;;;;;;:::;::::::::::::ccccccccccccccccccccccccc:::;;,,,,,,,,,;;;;;;;:;;;;;;;:coollc::;;;;:oooxkxoodxlc:cl' ...:xkkkkkkx ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;,,;;;::;;;;::::::cc:::ccccccccccccccccccc:::::::::::::::::::;;,,,,,,,,,,;;;;;;:::llclllc;'',;;;clxkdkK0xoodxxxl:cl:.. ...:lllc:c:: ;;;;,,,,;,,,,,,,,,;;;;;;:;::::::::::::::cccc:ccccccccccccc:::::::::::::::::::::::::::;;,,,,,,;;:cllcc::::;,.',;::;:oxlcoxkkddO0xdooooooloxc. ....'c:cccccc, ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,;,;;::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::;:;;;;;;;;:::::::::::::::::::::cloddol::;''',;;,..;odolccddccldkkO0kkkdodoclOK00c ....;lccccll:. ,,,,,,,,,,,;;;;;;;;;;;;:;:;;;;::::::::::::;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;::::::::;::::::::cccclolllc::;,',,....ocol:'.':dxooooddlokOkx0Oddxxddlloxk0K;. ....:ccccccc,. ,,,,,,;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;::;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;::::::::cclooollc::,.......,cxo...'oldoc,,;ldxdooddxddOkloOOxdxdoccldddll. .....:cc::::;.. ;,,,,,,,,,,,;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;,,,,,,,,,;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;::;:::::ccldddollc;'',;::'......',cxd...'cdc,'':lodoooodxxdxkxocldkxoloolcldkx:.......,,,'...... ,,,,,,,,;;;;;;;;;;;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;::::cloooollc:,'.',,;:loloc'.......,;col....cl:'.';oodldxddxOOkxdlcccddldxxdol:lo' .....''''';::;' ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,;;,,,,;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;:::cloolllc:,'.''...',,;lcllccc;.........,;col ..':;c;'::dloooddxOkkkxxooccdddddokKKx;'. ...''''',,:llc ,,,,,,,,,'',,,,,,;;;;;,;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,;;;;::::cllllcc:,..',:cloc;:;',:ccccooc:::,'.......',ldxo...';;c;::coc:oxdlokkkxddddldxxxxxxookd,'. ...',,,,''',cll ',,,,,,,,,,;,;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,;;;::::cccccc:;;,'''',,:coddxdooc;::';clc:coc::;:,........';okkx'..,c'.',;col:clcloxOxolllolodddoxOx,,'''. .'.,,,;;;,,,:ll ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,;;;:ccccc:;,'.',,;::cll:c;cloooooodollol::cc;;coolll,......''',:okkk'..;d:'.;:col:ccloooxdolloolllllcc:,',''. ..''',,,,'',:c: ''''',',,,,,,,,,,;;;;;;;;;:::::;,,'',,,;:oxddddoool::cccccc:cdxlcclollc,;::lool;.......',,;cokOk...;xdc,';,;ccclllloxodc:c;,,,,,,','''',. ...,c;,,,';coool '''',,,,,,;;;;;;;;;;:;;;,,''',;::coodddoodxdodddol:;lclc:clddddolollcc::,;loll:,,,'...''',;;ckOx...:xxdl;cc;';c:lxddoddl;,'',,,,,,,,,,,;. ...cdolloodddooo ,;;;;;;;;;::::;;;,'..'';;:ccloooooooooddxxxlcollcloccloocclddxxdlcc:cc;,:ll;;;,;;;;.....',::ldxo...;dxol:lol,,ccoxxdxxxxl,,,,',',,,,;,,;. .'odddddddddooo ,;;;;;;;;,,'''',;::coodollooooooollloloddxxocl:lololccc:cccllolcc:;:;;clol:;;codoc.....''';codxl ...;odolooc;;lodxkxxxdl;,,,,,,,,;;:ooo: ..;dddoodooooooo ;,''.'',::coddxkkxdddkkxdlooodl:llollloddollol:;:cc::;:ccccccllc;,;:cool;;::lolc;...'..';:lddxxo......:cllc;:::clddxxdol:,,,;:clodddddd; ...:ddddddooooooo '',;:cloxxxxxkxxkkxkkkkxooolooocloolldodxxddl:::;llcc;;:;;:ccc;,';coc;,,,;,:cc,'...,,;,.,;:docoxc .....;clcc::;odkkkkkxol:;coodooddddod. ...oddddoooddoooo lclllllddxdldxxddodkxdkxollooolloolcodddlldc:clccclcc::;;;;c:::,;ccc,,,,;;'...,'...;,''..;ldodxoo...'';:c:doc:,,:lxkkOx;,;,;;:lodxddddd. ..,ddddooodddoooo oxxxxxolooccooooooddcokxlllloolcllccldoooddololcccclc::::ccc:c:';::;,,;;;. .... ...';ccld.....cxl:oo:;,,,,,:dkOl,,;;;;;:coodddc ...:ddoddooddddooo xxxooooooolloodddddoldxdclllllccccccloolooloolcc::ccc:clccc:cl:.'....','. .'.....;ddddoc:;;;;,,,:do,,;,;;;::;;:ld, ...ldoodddddddoloo xxdllllcccccdxxdolcdoloccccloolcccclllllc::cllc:;;:c:c:;;,''''........ ..:xkxo;,'''''',,,,;;;;;;;;::;;::. ..,oodddoddoodoooo xxxdloolooddxxoolcldxxxdl::lloolcccllllc:::::;;;;:,'''.......... .. 'cc,,,,''''',,,,,,;;;;;;,;;;;, ..:ooodddooooooooo xxxxdlllodoxxdoolldddddoloollollocclloolcccc:::::;......... ..',,,,,,,,,,,,,,,;;;,,;;,,' ...;;:looooooooooll oxxxdolldoloddoddddddddcccloolloolooccllcc:;:c;,'........ .',;,,,,;;,;,,,,,,,;;;;;. ..',;;;::clooooollo cdddxoldoccloxxxxdooooc::ccdolllodddoc;:;'..,;'..... .',;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,. ..,,;,,;;;;:clooooo ,ooollooddolddloooooooollolclllldolc:,,',''''.... ... .',,,,,,,',,,,,,,,,,. ..,,,,;;;;;;;;::cll .ccooooodxxxdololddddollldxdolcc:;,,'',,,'...... ..... . .............'',,,' ...,,,,,,,,,,;:::;;: .:lloddddxxxddddddddddddollc'. ...'',;;;'. .. .';. ..',,;,,,,,,;;;:;;;: .,lodooolloddoddddollool:;. .... ... ..,;;;,;,,;;:;;;;;;; ..oxxlcccolddoloodo:::;'. ..... .....,;;;;;;;;;;;;;;::: ..cxxxolllloollllc::c:;,'.. ........ .. .,,,;;;;::;::::::: '.lxdlccc::cc:;;cc:cccc:,.. .... ...',,;;;,;:;:;:::::; ..:llc:c::clllcclollc:,. ..,,;;;;;;;::::ccccc ....;ccclooooooll:,. ... ..;,,;;;;:::ccllolll ....cooooolc:,'.. ... .,;::cclllooolllllo ....:c:::,....... ....... .. . .;:clooloololloooo .....',;,.. .','.. .................. .. . ..... . ..,cllllllooooooooo .....:;.......,;,,'... ........................ .. .......... . ..;lloolllooolooooo .................................................... .. ..... ...... ..,:looolooollloooo .......................................................... .. ..... .. .. ..';oooollollooollo .................................................................. . ... .:'. ....... .. ....;olloololllooloo ....................................................................... .. .cc' .':;,.... .. . ......,lloooooloololol ........................................................................ ..... :c; ...'cddkl'... .. ......,lllolllllllolll ......................................................................... .. .;'...''.';lclKOll;. . ... ......;lllolclollloooo ........................................................................... . ',.......';loKXKKl.'. . .....'clcllllllllllool .................................................................................... ,:. ....lO0KKX0d:' ...'clllllolllllllllo ..................................................................................... .;. .;ox0KXKkl:, ..'clllclollllllllloo .................................................................................',,'. .'... ....,;o0K0kdl;. .:lllllollolcccclloo .........'........'.......................................................'',,,;;,,,,' .....',;ldolll;. .,;cllollllclcllllloo .........'....''..'..............................................''..'',,,,,;,,,,,,,,,. ...,,,,;;;' .',;;:clllcclllllccclo ''.......'''...''''''.'......'......................'...'..''''.'',,,;;,;;;;,,,,,,,,,' .,;,,',,;,,. ..,,;:cclcclllloollolll ''.......'....'''''''''..''''''.''.'.............''''.''''.',,,,,;;;;,;;,;;,,;,,,,,;, .;,,,,,;;;;;;,.. ...,,;:c:llccccllcllolll ..'........'.'''''''''''.'','''''''''',''',,'',',,,,''''',;;;,,;;;;,;;,,,,,,;,;,,,;,. .;;,,,,;:::cccc;'.......... ..';;;::;cllccclclclllll '''........'''''''''',,''',''',.',,,,,;;,,,,,,;,;;,;;;;;;;;;;;,;;,,,,,,;,;,,,,,;,,'. ...',,,,,,;:cccllloooloddd:.. ..;:;:;;:::llclollllllll ',''......','''''''',,,,,',',,,,,;;,,;;;;;::;;;:::cc::::::::;;,;;,;;;,,,;;;;;,,;;'. ...',,,,;;;::cclooddddxdc'. ..,;,;,;::clcllllolllcll ,,,'......',','''',,;,,,;,;;;;;:;::;;:;;;;:::::cccccc::c::::;;;;;;;;,,;;;;;;;;,;' ..',,,;;;:::::clol,. .',,';;;::llolllooolclol ,,,,,.....','',,,;;;;:::::::::::::::c:;:cccccc:clccccccc:::c::;;;;;;;;;,,,;;;;'. .';;;''.....''.. .,;,,;,:ccllollllollollc ,,,,,'....';;;;;;:::cc::::;:::;::lcllllcc:lccccccc:cc::c::ccc::;;;;;;;,;;,;;;,. ... ',;;;;;:cllllcllcccclcl ,;;;;,.....,;,;:;::::::ccc:ccccllollllclllllcccllololclccllccc:;:;;;;;;;;;;,,. ................. .,,;:::clooollllolllllo ;;;;::.....,::ccccc:ccccclccllllloccollolloololooolooollllcccc:::;;;;;;;;;,'' .....''....................... ..;;;cllooololollllllooo ,;;:c:'.....'cllclccllllcllllocllllodooloooooooddolllollllccccc:;:;;;;;;;;,'. .,;,;:c:,:;;,,'''''.............. ..:cccooclclcllllllloool '',,,,......'cccllcllcccllololccclllolooooocllllooolollllll::c::;;;;;;;;;,'. .':llcccc:cc:;;,',;,''............. .,llolllllcccclllcccllll .............;llcccclcllllllollllllllolllooolclllooclolllcc:::::;;;::::;,,' .;cloollllcccc:,;,,,''''............. ..;lcc:clclclloodlllllccl ;,,'.........,lclcclcccooclllllclooooooooooooooloooloollllccc::;;;;:::;,,,. ..;clcccllooolc:::;:;,''''.......'''.... ..:cll:ccccloooooolllllol lccc;;'....';collcclloollclllllcloooooloooodoooooolcllcllllcc::;::;;,,,,,'. .:clc:clloollcc::;,;,,,'''.....',,,,'','. .'cccllc:cllooollollooolc llclcllclololllcllllolllolllollooolllloololllllllllolloolc:::;:;:;:;;;,,,. ..:clcccclolloccl:;;;,,,'''.'...'',;,;;,,,... .,cllcllllllloooolcollolo cllllolloolocllclccllloollclolllllclllllllllolooooooollccc:::::::;;;;;;,. .;ccclcclloolllclc::;;,,'.'...''',,;;;;,,,';:;;,...;clllllolllcloolloocllll clllollllolllllcllclcllllooolclllollcclcclllloloollllcccc:::::::::;:;;;' .clllcccclllllclc::::;;,,,'''',,,';;;;;;;,,,:dxO00o.:lollollcoollllllollccll oollllllolllllclllllcoollclllllololllcllllclolc:lllccccc:cc:::;;:;,;;;,. .;ccllclccllllolol;c:;,;,,,'',,;;;,;;;;;;;;;;oxk0KXXd:cclolllcoloolllcllclllc lcllllollclllllclllclllloclcccllcclllollollloolloclcclclccc::::::c;;;'. ..... .cccclccllclololllccl::;,;;,,;;;::;;;;;;;;;;cdkO0KKX0clolllllllolllll:ooolccl lllllllllcclllllllllclllloccccclllcccllllcllollllllclcclccc::::::;;;;.'ckxdxc.;cllcccccllllllclolccccc:c:;;;:;:;;;;;,,;;;:ldxO0KKKOllllolllllollcolllllllll llclllllllloclllllcoclccllcccloolollccllclcllcllllllcccccc::::;:;;,,;lk000KKOc:ccllccollollllololccllccc::::::;;;;;;,,;;,;lxk00OOKxloooolldlcloolollcllllll olllollcllllllllllcllllolcclooollcclooollcllllloocccllcc:cc:::::::;:lxO0O0K0k:c:cllolllllcclloollllllc:cccc:ccc::,;;:;;;;;oxOkO0KKklllllllllcloolccccollcll loollllcc:ccllclllllolclcllooolcollloollloolllllllolllllcc:::::;:coxkO0000K0ocolloolcccloollcclclclcclcllllllcc:::;;:;;,,cdxkkOKKK0lllcllclllcllllolcllccll lclcclllc::ocllcllcllcclooooollcoollllcllclcllclcllooolc:cc:;:::okO00O000K0koollllllclclllolllollllllloolollcc:::;;;;;;;;:okkO00O0Kdlcoccllllllolllccclllll ollccllllclllllcllclllcllollllllooolllllllllllllllllllc::::,;;cdxkOOkO000O;;llcllcclcccolcllcllclcccloooollllcc::::;;;;;..dkOO0000K0oclollll:llllllloclllll llllllllcclclllclollolclloolccooollcclllllollloooolccccc:;;,;cddkOOOO0O00x;;ccllcclllcclcccolclclllllodolcoollcc::;:::;,',xkkk0000KKOoooollllllllllollllccl ccllccllcccccllccllllcclllcclllllllccllllcclclllcc::::::;:::codxkoxOOkOOkcccllcolcclllccccooollloooodolllllolccc:c::;:;,;;dxkk0000K0Odoooooollolllclclolllc olllclolclllccccclllccclllcllll:clllllllllccccccccc;;:::::;''okxlxOOdk0Ooc:cllcccllccccccloooolclcolllllllllllcc:c::::;,,:dxodO0xO0OOxllloolooooooooooollll oololccccollcllccclcllcllllloccc:lcllcccccccclccc:;::;;;:;;,okk:dO0l,oOxcc:ccllocllllcc:loollllllloolloloolollllcc::;;;,,cdxcokkcxOOOklcclcclcllllllloloooo llclllcccllllll::cc:llclollclollclclllcllllclc::cc;;;;::;,,'',,;dkd...;ccolcclcclcc:cccclllolclllollclllllcclolcc::::;;;,,;,:xOk;x0kclccllllllllc:clllllooo ollllcccllcllllc;:ccclcclclllcllclc:cccclllllcclccc:ccc::;;......,,'.,;:c:lclclcccc:cllclooolllllllccllllcclllll::::::::;'..cdkx'oOO,,ccllllllcllcllllccllc llooclclolllllcc::ccccllccclllccllcccccccccccccclllccc:::;::,''..,;:cc::clcllcclll:cccllllllloollc:cclclclccccc::cc:::::::'.',:l':lo;:lllloolollllolccllclc loolloooolllcc:lcccccclcclccclccclocclcccccccccccclll:cllcclc::;:ccccccllllclcccccllolllcclcllolclllclcclccoccc:lccccccc:::,...',..;ccclllllllolllll:clccll clllllllllccllllcllccclcclclccclclccllllcc:cccccclc:clcc:clcccl;cccclccclccclcccc:cclocclclllloolc:cccllcl:llcclclc:ccccclcc:;,:c;:cllclllllllollccccccccol ;cc:cclllccllc:lccllocccclcc:cllllclcclcclc;c:cccclllclccc:cc:lclc:cllcc:c;c:::::cccclolllcllllccclllllllccllclcllllclll:cllc:clcccllcc:cllllllolcc:llcllll The command 'ls' has the ability to match filenames using a wildcard. Try typing the command: 'ls D*' The asterik * or star character tells the command 'ls' to match any string after the letter 'D'. The contents of all directories begining with the letter 'D' will be displayed. ........................................................................................................................................................... ''....'.'....'.'......'......'.'....'......'.,..........',. ., .'...,'''................................................................................... .............'...........................................,.. ...'...'.. . ................................................................................. ''......,.'........ . ... .. .. . . . . . .. . . ................................................................................................. ',',,.,';.'.',,:'.......................................................................................................................................... . ... ........ ........................................................................................................................................ . ........................................................................................................................................................ ....... . . . .... .. .................................................................................................................................. ,;,,;,,.',;;,;';';..,.. ................................................................................................................................... ....................... .................................................................................................................................. . ........................................................................................................................................................ . .............. . ....................................................................................................................................... ''........'.......,.... ................................................................................................................................... ','',,;,''..',.,,''.,...................................... ............................................................................................... ........................... ............................... '..'........................................................................................... .,.''.'...''',',.''.'.'.,'...,.'.'..,.'.''.'.,.''.'.'...';. '..'........................................................................................... . ...... ............. . ..... ... .... .. ....................................................................................................... . ......................................................... ........................................................................................... The directories 'Desktop', 'Documents' and 'Downloads' are all empty. Use the command 'ls' to explore the Linux filesystem. Type the command: 'ls /' .'..........'.'...................'........'..........:. .; '' ,. ....... .......... . .... .. ... ...... .......... .'. .... .. ....... ...... ....... ........... ........ ....... ...... ....... .. ... . ... . ..... ... . .... . ... . ...... ......... ......... ........... ....... ...... .,';';,,';'''',.;. ...... ...... . ...................... . ........ . ..... . .... .......,.. ....... ............... ............ ...................... ........... ....... ......... ....... ................ ..... ... . ............................... . ...... . ....... .... .... .'',''. ........................ ....... ............................... ...................... ......... ......... ,;:;;:' ......................... ....... ............................... .....'l:. ........... .... .... ......... ''''.'. ........................ .'..........'.'...................'........'..........:. cMK ....... .......... . .... .. ... ...... .......... .'. ,xo This lists the contents of the '/' which is known as root. Type the command: 'ls /home' . ... .. .... .... . .. . .. .. .. '.........''.......'.'...'.....'.'.'...,.........:, ,'', .';',;,;::. . . ... ...... ... .. ..... . .. . ..... ............ ...... .... .. .................................................'. .MM. ........................ . ... ................ .. .kk. Bella's home directory shows another user. Your system may display other users. The command 'ls' can also take options (also called switches). The listing of the contents of all subdirectories can be done with the command: 'ls -R' The '-R' part of command tells 'ls' to recursively list all subdirectories. Try typing the command: 'ls -R' 2.4 'cd' ======== The command 'cd' changes your current working directory. When the command 'cd' is typed alone (with no arguments) the current working directory is changed to your home directory. .. ..... ..... ..... . .... ..... ........ ... .. ...,. .'.'.. ..'.'''.'.....'...........................', ''':. ........ ......... . .. .... .................. .. ON; ...... ....'.................. ..................., kK, At the Linux terminal type the command: 'cd Music'. Now the current working directory has changed to the Music directory. The command 'ls' will display the contents of the 'Music' directory. . . . ... . . ... . .... '. . .. .. '.........'''.........................'.........;, ,.;, .;,,,','',. ..... . ......... . .. ... .................. .... ... .... .... ..........'.................................................,; .''' ..... . ......... . .. ... .................. ......... ..'. 0N. ............................. ..............................', OK. The 'Music' is empty. The command 'pwd' will display the full directory path. . . . . .... .. . . . '..........''..'.'.'.'...'.....'.'.'.'.,.'.... ..c' .;';: .:;,,,';.,. . ..... ..... ..... . . . . . ..... . . .. ..... .......... ...........''..'...'.'...'.....'.'.'...,.'.... ..............:' ,.,' . .... ... .... .... . .... .... . .. . ...........,...'.....'...'.....'.'.'...,.'.... ..............;' :,;,;, ......... ........... ......... .. . . '.',,,;;;;.',,,:.,.,'c''';;;':.,';. ....................... .... ................. ......... ..'. 'N0 ...........'.............. ........'...'...... ..............,. 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To pop up from the 'Music' directory type the command: 'cd ..' . . . . . . .. . .. . '.........'''...'.'...................''.....'..'c. .,'c. ,::;,:.:';. . ...... ... ..... . .... . . ..... . . .. . . .. .'....... '.'.......,''.'......'.........'...'..''.'.'.'..............'l. :.c. . ... . ... .... . .... .. . ..... . . .... . . .,. ... .. '.'.......,''.'......'.............'..''.'.'.'..............'c. 'c:;:c' ... .................. ......... . . . .. ,.,,;;:,:',.:,:,'.'',:'.,;,;,,.,,' ..... . ............... ...................... ..... ... ..' ...'. ..........''.................................................:. .,';. . . ..... . .............. ...................... .. dN: ..........'......................................;. dN: Now the current working directory is one level above. To confirm this type the command: 'ls' ...............................................'. ...''..'................................................................................................. .'.'.....'.,..................'.'.'............,...,.;'..',,,;.'''......................................................................................... ...................... ....................................'............................................................................................... ...........'...............................................,.....'. ....................................................................................... ...........................................................,...'.'''....................................................................................... ...........................................................'. ''.... ...................................................................................... .,,,',',,'.',''.,.,.''.';,,',.,.'. ..... ...... . . ... .. ............................................................................................. ..................................................... ... ... . .......................................................................................... .'.'...'.'','...........'.....'.'.'.'''....................c. .,':...... .................................................................................. ...................... .......................... ........... .. . .................................................................................. .'.'.....'.,..................'.'.'............,...'.;....... .. ........ .................. ... . .................. .... . ......... . ......... ..................................... ...................................... ............................................................ ............... ............... ..................... ............''....................................... ............................................................. ...............................................'. .... ...... . ..... ...... .... ....... .. .... .... . ......... . ... ....... . . .... ................................................. ......................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................................... Typing the command 'pwd' will confirm that the current working directory is back to the user's home directory. .. .... . .. . . . .. . .'.'.'.'.'.,',.'.'.'.'...'...........'.'.........,; ,,,;,: ... . ... ..... . . .. .. ...... .;';,;;',:.,.:,:.,.,.;' ... ........ ......... . .. .... .................. '. ',.' ...........'.................. ..................., ',.' 2.5 'mkdir' and 'rmdir' ======================= When using the command 'ls' we can see that Bella has the following folders in her home directory. . ... . . ... ... ... .. .. ..........'.'.'.....'...'.....'......'.........c' ,.:. .. . .... . .. .. . .. .. .. ... . . .. . . . . . .. .. ... .. . .............. .................. .................. .......... ................ ............ ......'. ................. ............ ................. . .. ..................... .,. :Nd ......................... .....................,. :Ko To create a directory named 'Test' type the command: 'mkdir Test' . .... ... .... .. . . . . .. .'.'.....'.,''........................,.........c. .;.; .... ......... .... . .......... .... .... . ..... .. ... .. ... ..... . . . .. ...... .. ... ... .................. ... ... . . ............... .................. .................. .......... ................ ............ ........ ................. ............ ...... ...............................'.........,. .,;'.,.... '''...'. ...................... ..... ............... .'. :o,...... ........ .'.'.....'.'''......................'.,.........c. kM: . .. . :o. Try typing the command: 'ls' to confirm this directory was created. You should see the directory 'Test' listed with the other directories. .. .... . . . . .. .. . .'.'...'.'.''.....'.......'...'.'.'...,........,, ;.,. .. . ....... . .... . . ..... . .. .... . . . . .. . .. . . .............. ................. .................. .......... ................ ............ ........ ................. ............ .. ..... ..... ..... ... .... ..... . . .. ....... .. .... ... . . .'.'.....'.,..................'.'.'...'.'......,, .:,:';,;.,. ,'c':':. ...................... ... ................. .. . .. .'.'.....'.,................. ..'.'...'........', '.,. .............. ......... ....... ............... ... ... ....... .............. ................. ........... .... ........ ....... .................. ....... . ......... .. ................. ... ....... .................. ......... ........;,.. ................. ........... ........................... ...................'' .MK .... .................. ..... ..... ......... .. .ko . To remove the directory named 'Test' type the command: 'rmdir Test' . .... ... . . .. ... .. .. .'........'''.......'...'.....'......'.........c. ;.:. .. . .... . .. .. . . . .. . ... .. . .. . . . . .. . . .... . .............. .................. ................. .......... ................ ............ ........ .................. ............ ................. . .. ..................... .,. ..'..,.... ......'. ..........'....................................;. ..,,.,.'.. ..''.... ................. . ...........................;. .,.' ....................... . ................... .'. ... .............. .................. ............... ........ ........ .. . . . . .... . .. . . . .... . .................. .......... ........... .................. ............ ................. . . .... ................ .'. .....'.... ......'. ..........'....................................;. .,',;;.,.. ..,''.'. ................. . ...........................,. oMo ......................... .....................,. :0: Type the command 'ls' to confirm that the directory 'Test' has been removed. .. .... . . . . .. .. . .'.'.....'.''.............'...'.'.'...,........,; ;',' .. . ....... . ... . . ... . .. ... . . ... . . . . .. . . . . .............. .................. .................. .......... ................ ............ ........ ......'.......... ............ ...................... ... ................. .. ....... .. ........ .'.'.. ..'.,................. ..'.'...'........'; .;,;',,'.' ..:';., ...................... ... ................. '. '... ...... ....'................. .................., ..'. .............. ................. ................ ....... ........ .............. ................. . ........ .... ....... ........ .................. ......... ............ ................. ... ........ ................... ......... . .......... .. . .. .. ......... ........... .'.'.....'.''.............'...'.'.'...,........,; ,.:,;:;.,. .;':':.:. .. ..... ..... ...... ... . . ..... . . '. ... ..... ... . .,.'.. ..'.''.................'.'.,...,.'.'....,; ,.;' .. ...... .. . . . .. .. . .. ... .... .. .. .... . .. . . . ... . .............. .................. .................. .......... ................ ............ ........ ......'.......... ............ ...................... ... ................. 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The command 'echo' can also write text to a file. At the Linux terminal type the command: 'echo'. .. ... . . .... . ... ........ ...... ............................................................................................... '.........'.'..........................'.........:. .;','c,,. ...... ......... . ... . .. ..... ... ..... ... ........ ..... ................ .................... . .'. :Ko ..........'......................................:. :Nd . The command 'echo' with no arguments will just display a blank line. Now try typing the command: 'echo Hello' . .'...'.'...'.'...'.'.......'...........,...... ..:. .;','c,;. ...................... . ... ......... ..... .. ........ .. . . . . ... . . . . .... ... . . .. . ... . ... . ........ . .'.'.....'',''.'.....'...'.....'.'.'...,.'.'.. ..:. .c,;':;:' ',cc.,.,':. .....' ' ... .,,;.'.'.,. ... ...... . ......... . ....... ................. ..,. cMx .............................. ............... ..,. ;0l The text 'Hello' will be displayed to the terminal. The command 'echo' can also push text to a file. Try the command: 'echo "This is a test" > file.txt' The greater-than sign '>' tells the command 'echo' to redirect the output to the file. The output will not go to the display. ... ..... .. ........ ..... .... ............... ... .. .............................................................................................. .,.'.'.'...'.'.'.'........'.'...'.'.'.'.,.'.'.....,'..,',.,'''. ........................................................................................... ....................... ............................ ..................................................................................................... ........... ..................................... ........................................................................................................ .. ....... .. .......... ... .... ..... . .. ..... ... .. . ........ .................................................................................. .,.'.'.'...'.'.'.'........'.'...'.'.'.'.,.'.'.....,'..,',.,'''..,,,,',.,',................................................................................. ................................................. ......................................................................................................... ';;:.;.;.,'................................................................................................................................................ .............. ..................... ............... ... .. .. ..... ........ ...... .. .. ................... ...... .................................. .,.,.'.'.'',''.'.'....'...'.'...,.'.,.'.;.'.'.'...;'..;',.,,,,. ...;,,.,.;...;.:. .:'..:.;',';.... ....,,.;.;,;...;.:.:. .................................. ....................... ....................... '. ..,....... ................................. .................. .................................. .,.,.'.'.'',''.'.'....'...'.'...'.'.,.'.;.'.'.'...;' ' .'.................................................................................................. ........................................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................................... The command 'echo' has placed the text "This is a test" inside the 'file.txt'. We can confirm the file exists with the command 'ls' .. .... ... .. . ... . .... .. . .,.'.'.'.'',',.'.'..............'...'.'.,.'.'.'...l. .c,:.;,;, . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . .... .. .. .... ... . . ... .. .... .. . .. .... .'.'.....'.,''.'....................'...'.'.'.'...:. .c,;.,,,' .;,;,''.,,, ........ . . ,;:c.,.,.:' .. ..... . ... ... . . .... ... ..... . . ... ....... .......... .... . .... ...... ........ ...... .'.'.....'.,''.'....................'...'.'.'.'...:. .c,;.,',' '.',.'', .,.;. .c. .:.c.:.;.. '. ,.,'.',,..',';';. .. ..... ......... . .. .................... . .'. .' .. .'.'.....'.,.'.'....................'...'...'.....:. '.;. .... ......... .... ............. ........ .. .......... . .......... ........ ............... .................. ........... ............ .................. .................. '.'.'... .'...' .... ............ ........ ............ ................... ......,'...'.,.' ...... ..'.. .... ........ .. .......... ........ ......... . .. ....................... ..,. cMk .... ......'.................. ................ ..,. ;Kd Notice the new file 'file.txt'. The contents of the file 'file.txt' can be displayed with the command: 'cat file.txt'. The command 'cat' can concatenate files and print files on the display. The contents of the file is the text "This is a test". . .'.....'...'.'.....'....................'.... ....:. .;','c,;. . . .................. .. .. ..... ....... . .'. ......... . . . . . . . . .. . . .. . . .,.'...'.'',''.'................'...'.'',.'.'.'..'l. .c,;,c;:' '::c';.,.;, ........ ..... .. . . . . ... . . .. . ..... .......... '::c.,.;.;' .. . . ... . . ... .. .... ... .. ..... . . .. .... ..... . . .,.'.....'',.'.'................'...'.'.'.'.'....'c. 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'looooooooooodooooodoooollccoddddoc:'cc:::;;,,,''''..,''''''.....,,,,,,''.. ..... 2.7 'cp' and 'rm' ================= The command 'cp' copies files and directories. The command 'rm' removes files or directories. Create a file with the command: 'echo "This is another test file" > TestFile.txt' .. .... ... .... . .. . .. . .. . ...... . . ... . . ...... .. ... . ... . . .. .'.'.'...'.,',..................'.'.'...,.........:; ,,,';,,;. ...:'c';.:. ,.,' ';',,,,:,,,:',. :.c.:.:. ;.;''',,.. .'. .:':.:.:.c.;.,.;'..,'',,; .. ... . . ... .... .... ... . . ... . '. xO. .'.'.....'.'''....................'.'...'.........,, XM' ... Confirm the file exists with the command 'ls' and confirm the file contents with the command 'cat'. . .... . . . . .. . . .. . . . .. ... . .. ... .'.'.......''...'.'.......'...'.'.'.'.,.'......'c. ,;,';,,, ..;';';.,. :.:. .c:;;;':;:,:'. ';,;',,' ;';.;':'.. .,. ;.c.:.c,:.;.;':..':',,; .. ..... .... ...... . . . . ..... . . .' .. ..... . ...... ... ..... ... .. ..... . . . ... . ... .. . . . . ... . .'.'......''..............'...'.'.'...,.'......'c. .,', .. . .... .. . . ... .... ... .... ......... . ...... .............. .................. ................ ........ ''c':':,..,.,;;..,',';' .... .. .......... ....... . .......... . ......... ..... . .... ..... . .................. .......... ............ .................. .. ......... ...................... ... ............... . .. ...... ........'.' '... '...'. ...........'................. ........'.... ....:. '..,.. ..,.'...'...'.;.. '.,.'. .,'..... '... ......'.,.'... '.'.'.,. .,...'.'. .......' .... ''........,.. ..,.,... . ..'.' ',. ........................... ..........'.... ....; KM' ....................... ..... ............. . .'. ok. Using the command 'rm' delete the file with: 'rm TestFile.txt' '. .... . . . .. ... .... '. .. ..... . .. ... .. . ..... .. .. . ...... .. .. ,,.'...'.'',''.'................'...'.'',.'.'....'l. 'c,;,c;:' ..:'c,;.;' ;';' ,:,,,;,:;,;:,. 'c,c':.c. .c.:.;.c... .,. ;.:';':':.;',';;..,:';,c. '. ..... ..... ..... .... . . ..... . . .,. .. ..... . ...... ... ...... ...... . ... .. . ..... . .... .. . ..... ... . ,,.'...'.'',''.'................'...'.'',.'.'....'l. :.:. '. . .. ..... . .... . .. . . ... . . ... ... .. ........ . . ,'.....'....... ...............'.. .......'......... ........ .;;;':,c;'.:.;,c...c'c.c. '. . . . . . . .. .... . . .. . . ..... .. . . . . .. ... ,'................. .......... .....'....... .................. .....'...... '. ... ... .. . .... . .. . . . . ... . ... .. .. . . . ,,.'.....'',.'........................'.,.........l. .;.c':. .:.c':.:.;.,.,';'..;'',,' '... . .. . . .. .. ..... . ',.c',.:. ;.;' ;;;,;,;',,;;'. ';;;':':. .;.,.,,c. '. . . ... . . ... .. .... ... ... . ... . . . ,,.'.....'',.'.'....................'.'.,.'.'....'c. .;,:' ,.c':':.:.,.,.:,..;',,,' '. . . ... . . ... .. .... .'. :Oc ,,.'.....'',.'.'....................'.'.,.'.'....'c. oMx . .. . .;' . Now confirm the file was deleted with the command 'ls' '. .... .. .... ... . .. . .. . ..... . . . . . . ..... .. .. . ....' . . ,'.'.....'.''.................'.'.'.'.,.'...'..,; ,,,.;',' ..:'c';.:. .;.: .;,',,,',';''. ;'c':.:. .:.,.,,:.. .' ,,;',';.;.;.;.c...c.;.:. '. ..... ..... ..... ... ... ..... . .. .... ,'.'.. ..'.'....................'.'...'.'...'..', ..,' '............. ......... ....... ............... ... ... ........'.. '... '...' '............. ................. ........... .... ........ ..'.'...'.....;.. ..,.' '................. ....... . ............ ......... ....... ........... '................. ......... ............ ................. ............ ,.......................... ..........'........., ..'',. ,.,.'.,.;.,.'.,. .,.''' .... . ............... ..... ................... ...... ......... ..... ....... ':;:.;.; .,', ';'';';.;,:',. :.c':.:. 'c':.;,; '. ..... ... ............. . ....... . . ... .. . ..... . .. ,'.'.. ..'.,....................'.'...,.'...'..'; '.;, '.:':.:.,.,.,':...;';'; '. ..... ..... ..... ... ..... ..... . . .. .... ,'.'.. ..'.'....................'.'...'.'...'..', ..,' '............. ................. .................. ........ . ................ ....... . . ........ ......... ....... ............ '............. .................. ............',.... .......... ........... .... ....... ... ........ ................. ............ ,.......................... ....................' 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''..'...''..,''....'';'''''''''',,,,'''''.''''...''.. .,....'...... ......... .......'','''.'......'........'........'.'''','''''''..'.'',,,'''' '''..'........''.......'''','..,''.'........,;........ .,,..... .... ... ......,.''.....'''...'....''...'.'.....''......'',''''''.''''',,..' .''....'''''..,'''..'..'''..'....'.'.'.'........... ...'..... .... . ..'.''..''..'',,','.''.''....'''.'..'.'''.'.....'''.'.'....''''...',, '..'.',,''...',,''......''....'''.''.'.............'.. . ... ........''.....,...'..................'''.'..';'....'.'''.'''''......'... '',.,;,,'''....'''.....'''''..'',..''........ .. . . . .....,'.....'...'........'.................'......''............'''''....., '......'''''.'.'''''''...,','',......... . . ....,'.','.......'.......''..''..'..,,.'',.'.'.'''......'...........''',,''''. '..'...'..'',;;,;;,',''','''......... . . ..'...'.,'.......'..'',.....''..'...'''.....',.....'...''..,..........',,.'''..'' ''.'....''',::;;,,,''.'....'.... . .. ....''',,;;..........''....;,.....;,'...'.........,.'........,,',''.......'..,........ ..'.........'',c;'.......'.... ...... .............................'..'...'...'''....'..'';'...............'................. ..'........''',;,'.'..... c,... . .. ..............................,.......'''',...... '...'.............................' Create another file 'NewTestFile.txt' with the command 'echo'. Type the command: 'echo "Test file to be copied" > NewTestFile.txt' Confirm the file exists with the command 'ls'. Confirm the contents with the command 'cat'. ... .... ............ ........... .. ....... .. ............ .. ..... ..... .'.... ..... ....... . . ..... .............. .... ....... . . ....... ... ',.'.'.'.,',',.,.'...'...'......'...,.'';.'.'.'...:. .:,;.;','. ..;,,,',';. 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',.'.'.'.,',',.,.'...'...'......'...,.'';.'.'.'...:. .,.;'........................... ..................................................................... ........................................................... ....... ... .................. ....... . ... .. ... ...................................... .'...'.'.....'. ......'..............'......':::,;';.:';';.;.,.,';,..';',':.........'..................................................................... .................. .......................................... ............................................................................................. ...........'.........................................................................'.'. ................................................................. .. ..... ...... ..... ...... ... .......... ...... ... ... .... ..... ........ ............ ....... ............................................... .,.'.'.'.,',',.'.....'..........'...,.'.,.'.'.'...:...;.;,,. .;;;,;;'',,',';,..,.,':...:.;.;............................................................... .... .... ....... .... .. .... . ........ ... . . .. . ..... . ...... ........... . ............................................................... .'':.:.:...,.,.,.:'..,.,'..,,,,..'',;;;.,':,:'............................................................................................................. . . ....... . ... ... . .... .. . ............................................................................................................. Copy the file 'NewTestFile.txt' to the file '1.txt' with the command: 'cp NewTestFile.txt 1.txt' ... .... .. .. ..... .... ... ...... ............... ............. . .. . ............ .... ........ ........ .... .... ............ ...... ....... ''.'.'.'.'.,',.'.'.'................'.'.,.'.'.....;. .;.'.;','. ..,,,'.,';. .;.;.;.;...;.,...;',...,.'''''',,':.. ..'. ';;;,;';.;.'.,.;.;.;.,'..',.,';. ... ........................ ...................... .'. .'.......... ......... ..................... ............. . ........................................ ''.'.'.'.'.,',.'.'.'................'.'.,.'.'.....;. .;.'............................................. .................................................... ............................................... ............ .... . .......... ........... .. ... . ........ . ....................................... ............... .....................'......';;;,;';.;.'.;.;.;.,.,'..';.,';.........'.............................. ...................................... ..................... ..................................................................................................................................... .'................. . ................................................................... ................................................................. ..................... ........................................... . ... ................. ... ............................................................. .,.'.'.'.,',',.'.........'......'.'.,.'';.'.'.'...:' .;.,,;. .::,,,;.,,;';':,;.;.;':...:.;':. ............................................................. ............................................... .... ...................................................................................................... .;':.:.:. .;.;.,.;'..;','..;,,,. ''';;:.,':,:'............................................................................................................. ......... ................................... ......... ..... . .... ......... .............. .. ... ................................................... .,.'.'.'.,',',.'.........'......'.'.,.'';.'.'.'...:'..;.;'..:;;,,;,,,,';':,'.,.;':...;.;':...;...;',,,'.................................................... ....................... ...................... .,.....,. ................. ....... ...................................................................... Copy the file 'NewTestFile.txt' to the file '2.txt' with the command: 'cp NewTestFile.txt 2.txt' ........ ............ ....... .... ..... . ..'. ...... ...'. . .....'...'.. .. .... .. . .. .. ... . .. .... ..'. . . ....'. ..... ....... .,.'.'.'.,',',.,................'.'.,...,.'.'.'...;. .:',.;','....'',,';';. .,.,.,':. .;';'..;,;'..,.,,,,.',;,:.....'. ';;:,;',.:',',.,.,.'',,..',';';..... ........ ..... .... ............ ..... .. . .'. ....... ....... . ... ... ..... ......... ..... ... ...... .. ........ . ... . . . ..... .,.'.'.'.,',',.'................'.'.'...,.'.'.'...;. .,.,' .. ... ..... .......... .............. . ................................................ ........ ..... .......... ....... ..... ........ ..... ........... ... ................. ...... ... .. .... .......................................... .....'.......'. .....................'......';;:,;',.:',',.,.,''',,..';';';.........'.............................. ...................................... ... .. .. .. . . ............ .. . ....... ... . .. .... ...... .... ... .. ........... .. .... . .......................................... ...........'......... ........... ...............................................'...'.'................................................................... ........ ...... ..... ....... ..... ..... . ........ .. ..... ... ........... ..... ...... ... ................................................... .,.'.'.'.,',',.,................'.'.,...,.'.'.'...;. .;.,,,...;;,,,;.',;';';,'.,.,':...;.;.;............................................................... ... .... ........... ... ... .. . ... ... . ... ... . . .......... . . ... . . .. .. ............................................................. .'':.:.:. .,.,.,.;'..,','..,,,,. ''';;:.,':,:'.... .................... .... ..... ... ....... .. ...................................................... ........ .... ....... ...... ..... ..... ... .................. ..... ........ . ........... ...................................................... .,.'.'.'.,',',.,................'.'.,...,.'.'.'...;...;.;'..;;;,,;'',,';';,..,.,':...;.;.;. .;...,',,,'.................................................... ... ..... ..... ...... ............. ...... .'.... . ..... ..... ......... .. . ........... ...................................................... .,.'.'.'.,',',.'................'.'.,...,.'.'.'...;. .;.;'..;;;,,;'',,';';,..,.,':...;.;';...,'..,.,,,'.................................................... . ....... .. . .. . ...... .. ..... . ... .. .. .. ... .... . ..... . . . ................................................... Copy the file 'NewTestFile.txt' to the file '3.txt' with the command: 'cp NewTestFile.txt 3.txt' ..................................................'......''.....,.,.....,. .,''.,... '.... ,... ............'',.......'.....,.....'.'.,.,......'...' .... .'.'.....,',',.,.....'..............'...'.....'...;. ':',,;;;.. ..'.:';.;. .,.'.'.;' ,',,..,,,,..''';;;.,':,:'....'...:;:;;''.;',',.,.,.'',,..',',',. .... ............................................... ......... ....... . .. ... ... ... . . .. ... .. . . .... .. ... .. . ... .. ... . .... .'.'.....,',',.,.....'..............'...'.....'...;. .'.;.. . ...... ...... ...... .. . .............. .... ............................................ ......................................... .................................. ............... ...................... ....................................... .....'.......'. ............................,;;;,;.'':.;.;',.,.'.:...;.;.;.................... ...........'...'.'. ....................................... ................... ............... . ........................... .. . . .............. .. ............. . ........................................... ...........'....... . ........... .......................'.'.........................'.................................................................... ............................ ................... ................................... ....... .. ........ ................................................. .'.'.....'.,''.'.....'............................;. .,.:.;...,,:,;.'.:';.,.'.'.'.;'..,'''''............................................................... .......'. .,.........'.....'... ...........' . ..... .. . . .... .. . .. .. .. . .............................................................. ..';.;.,...'.'.'.;...'.''..,',' .,.'',,..,'''... .. ...... ....... ... ... .... ........ .......................................................... ............................................... ........................'................. ... ........................................................... .'.'.....'.,''.'.....'............................;...';;. .,;;,;...;',.'.,.....,'..'.''.....'...,.,.,. ................................................... ............................................... ... ...................'..................... ....... ................................................... .'.'.....'',''.'.....'............................;. .';;...,;;,;...;',.'.,.....,'..'.''.....'...,.,.,..................................................... ....................... ........................ ......... .............'...... ............... ........................................................... .'.'.....'.,''.'.....'............................;...';;. .,;;,;...;',.'.,.....,'..'.''... .,...,.,.,..................................................... .. . . .... . .. ....... ........ . . . ....... . . ..... . ... . ... . . ....................................................... Confirm the existance of the new files '1.txt', '2.txt' and '3.txt' with the command: 'ls' .. .... ... .. . .... .. .... ,. . ..'' .. .,.... . .. .. ... ... .,. . '.. ' . .. .'.'.....'',',.'....................'.'.,.'.'.'...c. .c,:.;,;, ..,';;';'; ';.; ,,c. .c':' .c;c' ;.;,:,,';;,:.. .,. ,c:c;;','c':.:.:.;.,.:'..;',,,' .. .... ... . . ... .. .... '. .. . .'.'.....'',',.'....................'.'.,.'.'.'...c. ,.:' .. .. . . .. .. . ... .... . ...... .. .. .. .... . .. . .............'. .................. ':cc;:',.c':';.;.,.,':;..';';,:. ............. .................. .. . . .. . . . . .. .. ................... ........... ................. .....'... ............. .. .... ... . . ... .. .... .. . .. .. ........ .. . .'.'.....'',',.'....................'.'.,.'.'.'...c. .:.:;;. :;:,:;'';;';':,..; ,,c...c.:.:. ... . ... . . . . .. . .,'c'c.c. ;.;.,.c' ;.;, ;;;; ,',:::.,,c,c' .. .... ... . . ... .. .... .. .. .. ........ . . . . . .'.'.....'',',.'................'...'.'.,.'.'.'...c. .:'c, :::,:,,';;';';;..;.;,c...c'c.:. c...:.;';' .. .... ... . . ... .. .... '. .. .. .. ........ . . .. . . .'.'.....'',',.'................'...'.'.,.'.'.'...c. .:'c, :::,:,,';;';';;..;.;,c...c'c.:. .;...:.;';' .. .... ... . . ... .. .... '. .. .. .. ........ . . .. . . .'.'.....'',',.'....................'.'.,.'.'.'...c. .:'c, :::,:,,';;';';;..;.;,c...c'c.:. .,,..:.;';' .. .... ... . . ... .. .... '. .... .'.'.....'',',.'....................'.'.,.'.'.'...c. ,.:' .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . . .. . .: ..c'c.:. ,,..;.;';' ................... ........... ................. ......... ............. .. . . . . . .. .. .. ... .. . ...... . . . . . . .. . .. . .:...c'c.:. ............... .............'.'... .c::,:,,':,;,,';..,.;,:...:':.c. .....'....... ................... .. .... ... . . ... .. .... .. ;Ol . .'.'.....'',',.'....................'.'.,.'.'.'...c. cMk .. . ,xc Concatenate the files '1.txt', '2.txt' and '3.txt' to the screen display with the command: 'cat 1.txt 2.txt 3.txt' .. .... ... . .. .... .. .... ,. . ...,. . '...' . . .. ..,. ... '. ........ . . .'.'.....'',',.'................'.'.'...,.'.'.. ..:' :,;.;,,; ...,,:':.:. .:.;.,.c' :.;, :,:; ,',;;:';,c,c.. .,. 'c:c,:,,.:,;,,',..,.;,:...:'c.c. .. .... ... . . .... .. .... '. . . .'.'.....'',',.'................'.'.'...,.'.'.. ..c' ,.;' .. ... . ... .. .. . . ..................... . ....... .. .. . . .. .. . .............'. ................... .c:c;:,'.:';';',.''.,;:...:':.:. ............. ................... .. . . . . .. .. . ... . . . . . .... .. ................... .......... ................. .......'. ............ .. ..... . ... . . ... .... ... ....... . .. ...... ..... .... ......... .. .'..... .'.'.....'',''.'................'.'.'...'.'.'.. ..:' ;.;;;' ,:;;;:.,,:':.:,,.;.,.c'..:.;';' .... .... ,.. . .. .... .... . ..... . .. . ''c,c.:. ;.;.,.:' ;';; ;;;; ',,:cc.;'c,c' .. ..... . ... . . ... .... ... ....... . ... .... ..... .............. . ...... .. ...... .'.'.....'.'''.'................'...'...'.'.... ..;. ,.c, ,;,,,;.'':';.;,,.,.,.c...;.;',. ''..''',', .. ..... ......... .... ...................... .'. .... .......'.....'.'.... .. '..... .. ...... .'.'.....'.,''.'....................'...'...... ..;' ,.:' ';,,,;.'';',.,',.,.,.:.. ,.;''. '.....',.' .. ..... ......... .... ...................... .'. .... .......'.....'.'.... .. '..... .. ...... .'.'.....'.,''.'....................'...'...... ..;' ,.:' ';,,,;.'';',.,',.,.,.:.. ,.;''. .'....',.' .. ..... ......... .... ...................... .'. . .. .'.'.....'.,''.'....................'...'...... ..:' '.,' .. .'...'. .. '...'. .... ............. ....... . ... ............ ... . . .......... . ., . ,.;.'. ''. '.'''. ................... .......... ................ ......... ............ .' .,...'. ............... .......... ........ ,.....''.....'.'...'... '...,. ............ .......... ........ ., . '.;.'. ............... ................... ',,',,..''.,.''. ' '';.. '.,.'. ............ .................. ........ ......... .... ...................... .;. ....'. .. .'...' .'. .,...,. '. '...'. ...........'............................'...... ..;' '.''.. .'...'.,.' .,.. '.,.'. ''. ..'... .'.....,. ,.' ' .. '... '... .......'...,' ..;.;.'. . '.'.,. ..'' '',' ..',:;.'';';. .'.....,. ,.' , .. '... '... .......'...,' ..;.;.'. . '.'.,. ..'' '',' ..',:;.'';';. .'.,.'.,. ,.' , '. '... ,..' .....'.'.,.,' ..,.,.'. . ....,. ..'' ..'' ...';,.'.,.,. .'. ........ ......... .....................'...... ..;. 'MK ...........'................................... ..'' .Kk All three files are displayed on the screen back to back. All three files have the same contents. Remove one of the files with the command: 'rm 1.txt' . . .. . .'.........'.'...' ' ...................'.... ....:. .;'''c,,. ..,.,.'.;. ,',.'''' ';.,. ;;,;. .'.,,,';.;',;.. .. :;,',,.,''.,';,'.,.,.;. .;.;.;. .... .................. ..... ...... ....... . .'. ......... . ...... . ...... .... ..... .....,....... . ...... ........ . ..... ...... .'.........'.'...' ' ...................'.... ....:. .;.,. .... .................. ..... ...... ....... . .'. .... ............... .................. ,:;,''.;';.,.;.:.;.; ,. ;.'.;. ............ .......... ........ ............... .................. ................ .............. . .... . ... .................. ................... .......... ................. ........ ............. ......... ......... .......... . ... ..... .... ........ . .......... .'.........'.'...' ' ...................'.... ....c. .'.;.;. .:,;',',.,''.;.,',.''', ';.,.; .... ................... ..... .............. . .'. ...'... ..''.'.. ....... .........'.... .,.,.,.;. ;.,.;.,. ,.'. ;.,' ......''.,':. ....'... . ....'. .... .... ....,......'. .............'.... . ........................ ....:. ...,. .:,,,'.,.,.'.,.;.,.,.'' ',.'', .' .;.,.,. .... ................... ..... .............. . .'. ...;. ..''.'.. ....... .........'.... .' . ..'... .............'.... . ........................ ....:. ...,. .:,,,'.,.,.'.,.;.,.,.'' ',.'', ., .;.,.,. .... ................... ..... .............. . .'. ...;. ..''.'.. ....... .........'.... .' . ..'... .............'.... . ........................ ....:. ...,. .:,,,'.,.,.'.,.;.,.,.'' ',.'', .;. .;.,.,. .... ................... ..... .............. . .'. ...;. ..''.'.. ....... .............. .... ..'... .............'.... . ........................ ....:. .,.,. .... ................... ..... .............. . .'. ..'. .' .;.,.;. '' ;.'.,. .................. ........ .. ................. ........ ............ .' . ..'... ... ...... ................... ........... .. ......... .... ........ .. .......... ., .;.,.;. ............... .................. .:,;,'.;.,.'.,.;.,.;.'' ''.'', ............ .................. .' . ..'... ............... ................... .'''.'...'...... .............. ........ ... . ................ .............'.... . ........................ ....:. ...,.,. ,. ,.'.,. .' '..''' .;. .,.'.;. .... ................... ..... .............. . .'. ...'... '.. ...... '......... .... ..'... .,.,.,.;. ;.,.;.,. ,.'. ;.,' ......''.,':. ....,.'. . ....'. .... '.'. ....,..'...'. .,.,.'.,. ;.'.,.,. '... ;.'' .......'.,.;. ..,.,.'. . ....;. ..'. '.,. ....,..'''.'. .,.,.'.,. ;.'.,.,. '... ;.'' .......'.,.;. ..,.,.'. . ....;. ..'. '.,. ....,..'''.'. .................. . ........................ ....;. .'.,. ,. ,...'. .... ......'.................. .............. ....;. ':,.. '.. ..'... ........ ......... . ........................ ....;. oMx .... ......'.................. .............. ....;. cKo Using what is known as a wildcard have command 'ls' check for files only ending with '.txt' file extension. Try the command: 'ls *.txt' .. .... ... .... .. . .... .. .. . . . .'.'...'.'.,',.'.....'.........'.......''........,c. .;.:. ., ..c.:.c. .. ........ .. ...... ...................... ...... .,...;.:.:. ,.. ;.;.;. ;;;,;,'.;,','',..'.',:...;.;.;. ........ ......... . .. ... .................. .. xN: ...... ....'.................. ...................;. dK: Only files with the '.txt' file extension have been displayed. The file '1.txt' has been removed. Remove the files '2.txt' and '3.txt' with the command command: 'rm 2.txt 3.txt' .. .... .... ...... .................... ....... ..... .. ......................................................................................... ''.'.'.'.'',,'.'.....'...'.....'.'.'.'.,.'.'....':..'.',..',..',',',. .;..,''','........................................................................... ....................... ............................'.. ... .. .. ... .. . ............................................................................. .'.'.....'.,''.'.....'.........'.'.'...'.'.'.....;..' '.................................................................................................... . . ..... .... . .. . . .. .... .... ..'...................................................................................................... Confirm the removal of '2.txt' and '3.txt' by wildcard listing '.txt' file extension with command: 'ls *.txt' .. . . . . . . . . .. . .,.'...'.'.,',.'.....'...'.....'...'.'.,.....'...c' :.:. ,.. ;.,';. .... .... ... ..... . . . . . . . . .. ... . ...... ,c:c;:''.c.:.;.,.,.,.c.. ;.:.;. .. ... . ..... ... . . .... ................. .'. ,Kd ...'.......'...'.............. ........'.........;. ;Nx . 2.8 'gedit' =========== The command 'gedit' is a graphical text editor. 'gedit' can be used to create or edit files. 'gedit' can be started from the command line. Type the command: 'gedit myfile.txt' to create and edit the file 'myfile.txt' ... ................. .................................... ................................................................................................ .'.........',.........'...'.....'.'.'...,.........;,..';',',.,.;. ......................................................................................... ,.,.............................................. ......................................................................................................... '.'........................................................................................................................................................ . . ....................................................................................................................................................... The 'gedit' graphical text editor will display. Feel free to enter any text you want. k000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KNWWNNWWWWWWWNWWWWXNWNNWNXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXOxkkxokOOOxkKXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXNWWNWWWWWWWXNWNNWNXXXXXXXXXXXKXXXXX0kOXXK 0WMMXK0KKKNMMWMKNMNNMXNNNXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXK0O0000000O0KXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXWMMKK0K0WMMXNMNNMNXXXXKXXXXXXO0XXXXodo0X0 0NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNXXNNNNXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXKXKKKKKKKKKKXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXNNNNNNNNNNNXXNNNNXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXKXXX0 KN0KKNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNK XWXKNWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWX XWWWMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMN XWWWMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMN XWWWMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMN XWWWMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMX XWWWMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMX XWWWMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMX 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XWWWMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM0 XWWWMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM0 KWWWMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMK KWWWMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM0 KWWWMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM0 XWWWMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM0 XWWWMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMK XWWWMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM0 KWWWMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMK KWWWMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM0 KWWWMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM0 KWWWMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM0 KWWWMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMO KWWWMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMO KWWWMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM0 KWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWNNNWWWWXWWWWWWWWWNNWNWWWNWNWNWWNWWWWWWWWWWWWWNWWNWWNNWNNWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWNWWO XWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWXKK0X0NX0K0XW0WWWNKO0XX0K00KKKNOWKXWWWWWWWWWWKXXXKNKKKXXXWWWWWWWKXWWWWNO0OKWWO XWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW0 In this example I have entered the text "This is a test of the gedit graphical editor" and pressed newline. Press the "Save" button to save the file 'myfile.txt' ONXNNNNNNNNNNXNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNWWWWWWX KWWWWNWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWXXKKKKKXXXXXKWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWNWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWK00NWN KWWWNNXNXNNWWWWNNWWWWNWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWNWNNWWNNNNNWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWNNNNXWWWWWWNNWWWWWWWWWWWWWNWWWWW0OONWN KWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWN KWNKWKKXKNKMWKXXMXKMNKKXKKNMXXKWMKKKKXMXK0K0KNKMWOXN00X0XKXXOKNMXK0KKKX0XWWMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMN KWNKWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWNNWWWWWWWWXWWWNWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWN KWXKWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWN KWWWWMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMN KWWWWMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMN KWWWWMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMN KWWWWMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMN Type the command: 'ls' to see that there is a new file named 'myfile.txt'. Also try the command: 'ls *.txt' to list all files ending with '.txt'. Both commands will show that the new file 'myfile.txt' exists. . .... ... .. .. .... . .... '. .' ''.,....'.,',,''.,....'.,......'.'.'..'.,...',.'....,...;; :.c, .. . ... .... . . . . . .. . . . . . . .'....... . . . . . . . ..........'...... .'................... ,:;:':.'; ;.c,...c.:':'. '....'........ ...............'..... .. . .... ...... . ....... ... ...... ...' . . ...... ...... . .... . . .. . ...... .... ...... ..................... ......... .. .... .............. ......... .............. .......... ..... .... ............ . .......... ..... ......... . ........... .................... ........... .......................,' .,.,. .;. ,..,.;. ............'.............. .. ... .................. .' ..'' .....'... .,'..,'.'.,.,' .,.'.,, .''c....'.'.;'.. '.,..' ... ......... .......... .. . .... .................... '. xMx ...'......'.,,...'......'..... ..............'..........,; xMx ... Feel free to use the command 'gedit myfile.txt' to add more text or change the file 'myfile.txt'. dddddddddddddddxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkOkOOOOkOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO0000000OOOOOOOOOOOOO0000OOOOOO000OOOOdcccccccc dddddddddddddddxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkOkkOOkOOOkOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO0000000OOOOOOOOOOOO0000OOO00O00OOO0klccccc::c dddddddddddddddxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkOkkOOkOkOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO0000000OOOOOOOOOOOO0000OOOO0000OOOOkllcclccccc ddddddddddddddddddddxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkOkkkkkkkkkkkkOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO00000OOOOOOOOOOOOOO0000OOOO000OOkOOdoolllccccc ddddddddddddddddddddddxxdxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkOkOOOkkkkkkkOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO00000OOOOOOOOOO0OO0000OOOOOO0OOkOOollllolllllc ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddxxxxxxxxdddxxxkkkkkkkkkkkkkkOOOOkkkkkkkOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO0000OOOOO0OOkOOdllccccccccll ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddxxxxddddxxkkkkOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOkkkkkkkkkOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOxoolllllcccccc dddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddxxkkkkkOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO000000OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO0OOOOO0OOOOOOO0000OOOOOOOOOOkkOOOOOOOOOOOOk00OOOOOOOOOOkOOxooooooolllllll oodddddddddddddddddddddddoooooodxxxkkOOkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkOOOOOOOOOOkkkkkkkkkkkkkOkOOkOkkkkkkOOOOOOOkOOOOO00000OOOOOkkkkkkO0OkOkkkkOOkkkdooooddooooooloo oodddddooooddddoooooooooooddxkOOOkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkxkkkkkkOOkkkkOkOOOOOOOOkkkkkxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxkkkkkO000000Oxl:::;;;;;,,''',looooooooooooodddooo oodoooooooooooooooooooodxkkkOOkkkkkkkkkkkkxxkOOkkkxxkkkkkOOOOkkkkkOOOOOOOkkOkkkkkxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxdddoooollcodddxkkkOO00Od:,'.',,,,,,:clooooooooooooooooooo oooooooooooollollllloxkOOkkkkkkkkkxxxxkkOOkkkkOOOOkxdxkkOOOOOOOkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkxkxkxxxxxxxxxddl:,'.......',;:codxxkO00K0xdooooooooooooolloddoooooooooo ccc:::;;,,'''....'lxkkkOOOOOOOOkkOOOkkkkOOOkxkkkOOOkxddxkkkkOOkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkxkxkxxxxddl;.... ........',:odkO0KKKOxddddddddddddoooddddddddddd ........:xOOkkOOOOO00OO0OOOOOOkkkkOOkxxkkkkkOkxdxxkkkkkkkOOOOkkkxxxxkxkkkkkkkkxxxxxxdl;.. ... .......;ldkO0000Oxxxxxxxxddddddddddddddddd ..'''''''''',,cxkOOOOOOOOOOO000OOOOkOOOkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkxxxxxxkkkkkkOkOOkkkkkkxxxkkkkkkxxxxl;.... ... .......... ...,lxkO0KKKOxddddddxxxxxxxxdddddddd ,,''',,,;;;,;okOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO0000OOkkkkkkkxkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkxdc,.. . . ................ ...:oxO00KK0xdddddddddddddxxxxxddd ;;;:;,,,;;;:dOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO0000OOkkkkkkkkxkxxxxxxxxxxxxkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkxl;,'. .... ............... ...'cdO000K0xdddddddddddddddxxxxx :::::::::;,lkOOOOOO0O000000OOOOOOOOOOkxkkkkkxxkkxxxxxxxxxxkkkkkkkkkkkkkkxddddxxkkkkkxc,'... ............ ...'lk00KKKOxxdddxdddddddddddxxx ::::cccc:,:xkOOOO00OOO00000OOOOkkkOkxxkkxkkxxxkkxxxkxxxxxkkkkkkkkkkkkkkd'......;oxkko,... ........ .....,dO0KKKKOkkkxxxxxddddddxxxxx :::::cc;,'lkkOOOOO000000OOOOOOOOkkkkxkkkkkkkxxxkxxdxkkxxkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkc . ..;,. ............ ..lk0K00K0xxxxxxkkxxxxxxxxxxx ;;:ccc;,''cxkkOOOO0000000OOOOOOkxxxkkkkkkkkkkkkxxxxddxkkxkkkxxkkkxxkxxx; ... . .. ... .. ...... .oO0000KKkxxxxxxxxkkkkkkxxxx ::;::;'''';oxOOOOOOO000000OOOOkkkkkkkkxkkkkkxxkkxxxkxxxxkxxxkxxxkxxxxxx; . .... ....',.. . . 'dO0KKKKKxxxxxxxxxxkkkkkkkkk :::::,'''.'cdkOOOOOO000000OOOOkkkkkkxkkOOOkkkdodkxxxkkxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxl.,. .......... .lOc ... . :xO0000KKkxxxdxxxkkkkkkxxxxx ::::;,'....'cdkOOOOOOOO000OOOkkkkkkkkkkkkkl:cccldxkxxxxxddxxxxxxxxxxxxddx, ... . '0x. ..... . ..... .xOO000KK0dxxxdxxxxxxkkkkkkxx :::::,......':oxkkOOOOOOO000Okkkkkkkkkkkkx;,codc;cdxdlcllloodxxxxxxxxxxx; . .l: ..... .. .. .. .dO0O00KKXxloooddddxxkxxkxkkkk :c:::,'......':ldxOOOOOOOO000OOkkkkkkkkkkx;:od:',codoc:;;;;::cloooooooo: .... ... . ...... .. ,dOO000KXX0ddooooooodddxkkkkkkx :::::;,........;codxkkOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOkxkkko,l:,:loodoc;;;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,. ..... ... .......... .:kOOO00KXXKxxxxxxddddodddddxxxdx ::::::;'.........;lloxkkkOOOOOOO00000000OOklc;:clolodl:;;,,,,,,,,,'',,'. .... . ...........'oOO000KKXXKkxxxxxxxxxxdxxxddddddd ccc::::;,....... .':lodxxxkkkOOO0000000000000Okxdllddo:,,,,,'''',,'''. .. . ... ........lxkOO0KKXXXkxkkkkkkkkxxxxxxxxxxxddx cccccc:::;'...... .':ldddkkkkOOOOO0000000000000000Okdl:;,,,''''''... ..... ..... ..... .......cxkkO0KKXXXKl:xxkkkkOOOOkkkxxkkkkkkkk cclccccccc:,'.... .,codxkkOOOO00O000O00O000000000000Okdl;,'.... ..'..... ... . ........ ....'lxxkO0KKXXXXk,'oxkxxkkkkkkOOOOOOOOOkkkk ccclllccccc:::;'. ..;lxkOO0OOOOOOOO000OO00O0O00000Oo;,,,,'....cxo'... ..,. ............ ..:dkkkO0KKXXXKx;..lxxxxkkkkkkkkkkOOOOOOOOOO cc:ccllllccccccc:' .'cxO0K00OOkkkOOOOOOOOOOOOOxc,'..''..'':odX0xo'.,:' ..............;cdxkkO0KKXXXX0l,...cxkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkOOOOOO0 ccccccccllllllcccc, .';cclodxxxxkkOO0OO0OOkc,''..'. ....xKWWN0x:;,. ....,;:cddxxxkO0KKKXXXKk:.....lkkkkkkkOkkkkkOkkOOOkkkOOOO ccccccccccllllllccc;. ......';:ccll;,,,''''''..;lkKK00OOOOkkdc'. ...';::odxxxkkkkOO0KKKKKKXKkl'.....,dkkOkOOOOOOkOOOOOOOOOOkkkkkk cccccccccccclllllllcc,. .... ....',;cdkOOOO000OOOOOOOkkdoddxxkkkkOkOO00000KKKKKKK0xc,...'..,lxkkOOOOOOOOOOOOO00OOOOOOOOOkk llccccccccllccclllllllc'. ...',:loxkOOO0OO00OOkkOOkOkkOOOO000O0KKKKKKOo:........;okkkkkkkkkOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOk llllcclllllclcccclllllllc,. . .......... . ........';:cclodxxxkkOOOkkkOOOO00KK0kdc,........':dxkkOOOOOOOOkkOOO000O0OO0OOOO00000 llllllllclllllllllcclllllllc,.. ... ... . ....................'',,,,''';;:;,...........;okkkkkkkkkOOOOOOOOOkkOO00000OOOOOOOOO lllllllllllllllllllllclllllolllc;,'.. ..........................................................';coxxxkkkkkkkkkkkkkOOO00OOOOOO0000OO00OkOO cllllllllllllclllllllcllllloooooodddoolc::;,,''..............................................................,:oxkkkkkkkkkkkkOOOOOOOOOOO000000OOOOO0O00K000 llllllooolooollllllllllllcclllooodddddddooddddooddoollllcccc:::::;;,',;;;,,,,,''''''''',''''''',,;;::cclooddxxxxxxxkkkOkkkkkkkkkOOOOOOOOOOO00000000000000KK llllllloooooololllllllcccllcllooddddddddddoodddddddddddooooddddodddddllodxxkkkkxxxkkkkkkkkkkxxdxxxxxkkkkkkkkkkxxxxkxdxkkOOOOOOOOkkOOOOOOOOOOOOO000000000000 llllclcllooollloooolooolollolcclllodddddddoooooddddddddddddooodddddddxdddoooxkxkkkkkkkkkkkkOOOkkkxkkkkkkkkkkkkOkxdxxxxxxxkkOOOOOOOOkkOOO000000OOOO00KKKK000 llcccllllllooooooooooolllllllllllllooddddddddoooodddxxddxxxxdooodddddddxddddddodxkkkkkkkkkkOOOOOOOkkkOkOkkkkkkkkkOOkkkkkkkkkkkOOOOOOOOOOOOOO0000000OO000KKK lllcllllllolllooooooooooollllclolllllloddddddddddddddxxxxxxxxxdddoddddddxxddxxxxdddxkkOOkkkOOOOOOOOOOkkkkOOOOOOOOkkkkOOkkkkkkkkkkkOOOOOOOOkkkOOO0000000000K cclllllllloooolloooooooooooolclllloooooooodddddddddddddxxxxxxxxxxkxdoddddddxxxxxxkkxxxkkOOOOOkkkOOOOOOOOOOOOOO000OOOOOkOOOkkkkkkkkkOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO000K000 ccccllllllollooocllooooooooooolllllooooooloodddddddddodddxxxxxxxxkkkxxdddddddxxxxxxxkkkkkkkOOOOOkkOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO00OOOOOO00OOkkxkkkOOkOOOO000OOOOOOOO000O0 :ccccccllloollllllcclooooooddddoollloooollloooddxxddddddddddxxxxkkkkkkkxxddoddddxxxkkxxkkkkkkkOOO0OOOOOOOO000000OOOOOO00OOOOOO0OOkOOOOO0000OO00000OOOOOOOOO ::ccccccllloolloolc::loooooodddddoolooooooooddddoddxxddxxdxxxddxkkkkkkkkkkkxddddddxxxkkkxkkOOOOOkOOO00OOO0000000000OOOO000000OOOOO0000O0000000OO000000OOOOk ;::cccccccclooolllllllllooooddddddddooooddddddddddoodxxxxxxxxxxxxxxkkkkkxkkkkxxddoodxxkkkkkkkkOOOOOOOOOOOOO0000000000000OO000000OOOO00000000OO000OOOO00000O ;::ccccclclclllooooooolooloodooddddddddooodddddddddoooodxxxxxxxxxxxxxkkkkkkxxxxkkxdodddxxkkkkkkkkkkkkOOOO00O00000000000000OOO000000O00O000KK0OOOOO000OOOO00 :;:ccccccclcclllloooooooolooooodddddddddddodddddddddolloodxxxxxxxxxxkkkkkkOkkkkkkkkkxdddddxxkkkkkkxxOOOOOO00000000000000000000OO000000000000KKKK0OO00000OOO :c:::cccccclclllllloooooooooddoodddddddxxxddddddddoooooooddddxkxxkkkkkxxkkkOOOkkkkkkkkxxdddddxkkkkOkxkOOOOO00000000000KKKKK000000OkOO00000000000KKKK00OOOOO :cccccccccllcllllllllooooooooodddolloddddxxxddddoooooooodddooodxkkkkkkkkxkkkkkOkkkkkkkkkkkxdxxxxxkkOOOkkOOO000000KKK000000KKKKK0000OkxO000000000000KKKKK00O ::ccccccclllclllllolllooooooddddddc:coddddxxxxxxxxdodddooooooooddxkkkOkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkxxxxxxkOOOOkkOOO000000KKKK0000KKKKK000000OkO00000000000000KKKK :cccccccccclllllllllollloododdddddoc;:coddddxxxxxxxxddooooooollododxxkkOkkkkkkkkkkkkOOOOOOkkkkkkxxxxxxkkOOkkkOOOO0000K0KKKK0KKKKK0KKK00KKKK000OO000OOOOOO00 ;:ccccccllcllclclllloolllloddodddddooc;;ldddxxxxxxxxxxdlloooolloddddddkkkkkkkOOkkkkkkOkOOOOOOkkOOOxdddddxkOOOkkOOOO0O000KKKKKK00KKKKKKK0KKXXKO00OO00OO0000O 2.9 'more' and 'less' ===================== ddddooodddxxkkkkkkkkkOOOollllllllllllllllllllllloddodddd0XXXXXXXXKKKKKKKK000000000000OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOkkkkkkkxdxxxxxxxdodxxxxxxxxxxxxxdddddddddddddddddd ooooooddxxkkkkkkkkkOOOOOollllllllllllllllllllllloddodddd0XXXXXXXXXKKKKKKKK000000000000OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOkkkkkxdxxxxxxxdoxxxxxxxxxxxxxddddddddddddddddddd ccllllllllccllccclddxkkkollllllllllllllllllllllloddodddd0XXXXXXXXXKKKKKKKKK00000000000OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOkkkkkxxxxxxxxxddxxxxxxxxxxxxxxdddddddddddddddddd lllllllllllllcccc:;,,,,;;clllllllllllllllllllllloddodddd0NXXXXXXXXXKKKKKKKKK0000000000000OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOkkkkkxxxxxxxxxddxxxxxxxxxxxxxddddddddddddddddddd lllllllllllllllllllcc::;;clllllllllllllllllllllllododddd0NXXXXXXXXXXKKKKKKKK000000000000OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOkkkkxxxxxxxxxddxxxxxxxxxxxxxxddddddddddddddddddd lllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllooodddd0NXXXXXXXXXXXKKKKKKKK0000000000000OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOkkkkkxxxxxxxxxddxxxxxxxxxxxxxxddddddddddddddddddd lllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllooodddd0NNNXXXXXXXXXXKKKKKKKK000000000000O0OOOOOOOOOOOOOOkkkkxxxxxxxxxddxkxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxddddddddddddddddd lllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllododdddKNNNNNNXXXXXXXXKKKKKKK000000000000000000OOOOOOOOOOkkkkxxxxxxxxxddkkkxxxxxxxxxxxxxxddddddddddddddddd llllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllloooddddKNNNNNNXXXXXXXXKKKKKKK0000000000000000000OOOOOOOOOkkkkxxxxxxxxxdxkkkkxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxddddddddddddddd llllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllloooddddKNNNNNNNXXXXXXXXKKKKKKKK000000000000000000OOOOOOOOOOOkxxxxxxxxxdkkkkxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxdddddddddddddd llllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllloooddddKNNNNNNNNXXXXXXXXKKKKKKK0000000000000000000OOOOOOOOOOkxxxkkxxxdxkkkkxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxddddddddddddd llllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllloooddddKNNNNNNNNXXXXXXXXKKKKKKKKK000000000000000000OOOOOOOOkxxxkkxxxxdkkkkkkxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxddddddddddddd llllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllloooddddKNNNNNNNNXXXXXXXXXKKKKKKKKK00000000000000000OOOOOOOOkxkkkkxxxxxkkkkkkkkxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxddddddddddddd llllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllloooddddKWNNNNNNNNXXXXXXXXKKKKKKKKKKKK000000000000000OOOOOOOkxkkkkkxxdkkkkkkkkkxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxddddddddddddd llllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllloooododKWWWNNNNNNNXXXXXXXXKKKKKKKKKKK000000000OOOO00OOOOOOOkkkkkkxxxxkkkkkkkkkkxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxdddddddddddd llllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllloooododKWWWNNNNNNNNXXXXXXXKKKKKKKKKKK00000kxddloxkO00OOOOOkxkkkkxkxdxkkkkkkkkkkxxxxxxxxxxxxxdxdddddddddddd llllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllloooododKWWWWWNNNNNNNXXXXXXXKKKKKKKKK00Odo:,''.,coxO00OOOOOkxkkkkkkxxkOkkkkkkkkkxxxxxxxxxxxxxxddddddddddddd lllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllcllllloooododKWWWWWWNNNNNNXXXXXXXXKKKKKKKKOx:,......',cdO00OOOOkkkkkkkkxxkOOkkkkkkkkkkxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxddddddddddd olllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllloooododKWWWWWWNNNNNNNNXXXXXXXKKKKKKOc;.. ..'okO0OOOOOkkkkkkkkxxOOOOkkkkkkkkkxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxddddddddddd kkxdoollllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllooododKWWWWWWWNNNNNNNXXXXXXXXXKKKOc.. .lk000OOOOOkkkkkkkkxkOOOOkkkkkkkkkxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxdddddddddd kkkkkkxddooolllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllcclllllooododKWWWWWWWNNNNNNNNXXXXXXXXKK0l. 'oO0000OOOOOkkkkkkkkxOOOOOOkkkkkkkkxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxddddddddddd OOOOOkkkkkkkkxxxddoollllllllllllllllllllllccccllllooododKWWWWWWWNNNNNNNNNXXXXXXXXKO, .;k000000OOOOkkkkkkkkxkOOOOOOkkkkkkkkxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxddddddddddd OOOOOOOOOOOOkkkkkOOkkkxdoolllcccccccclllllccccllllooododKWWWWWWWNNNNNNNNNXXXXXXXXKO, ,k0000000OOOOkkkkkkkkxkOOOOOOkkkkkkkkxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxddddddddddd O00OOOOOOOOOOOOkkkkkkOOOOkkxddolcccccclcccccccllllooooodKWWWWWWWNNNNNNNNNNXXXXXXXX0; :O000000OOOOOkkkkkkkxxOOOOOOOkkkkkkkxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxddddddddddd OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOkkkkkkkxocccccccccccccclllooododXMMMWWWWWWNNNNNNNXXXXXXXXKKc. :O000000OOOOOkkkkkkxxkOOOOOOOkkkkkkkxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxddxxxddddddd OO0000OOO00OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOkkkkxlccccccccccccllllooododKWWWMMMWWWNNNNNNNXXXXXXXXXKx. ,x000000OOOOkkkkkkkxxOOOOOOOOkkkkkkkkkxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxdddddddd OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOkkkdccccccccccccllllooodod0WWWWWWWMMMWWNNNNXXXXXXXXKK0c. .oO00000OOOOkkkkkkxxk0OOOOOOOkkkkkkkkkxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxddddddd O000000000000000000000000000OOOkkxc::::::cccccllllooooodk00XNWWNNWWWMMWWNNXXXXXXXKKKk, .,k00000OOOOkkkkkxxxOOOOOOOOOkkkkkkkkxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxdddddddd 0000000000000000000000000000Okkkkxc;:;;;;;;;:cclllooooodOKX0OkKNWWNNNNWMMMWNXXXXXKKK0l. .d0000OOOOOkkkkxxxxOOOOOOOOOkkkkkkkkxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxddddddddd xxkOOOO0OOO0000OOOOOkkxxdoolodxxkx,;;;;;,,,;:cccllooooook00kxddkO0XXNNNXNNWMMWNNXKKKKk' .d000OOOOOkkkkkxdoOOOOOOOOkkkkkkkkkxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxdddddddddd kkkkkkkkkkkkkkkxxxdooooollodxkkOkl';;,,';lodlccccllolooo0KKkkxxkodxdxO0XNNXXXNWMMWNXK0,. .o000OOOOOkkkkxxld0OOOOOOOkkkkkkkkkxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxddddddddddd KKK0000000000OOkkkkkkkkkkxxkOOkd;',,;:ldxdolllllclllloooKWN00KOxddloodlokOKXXXKXXNWWWX,. .d00OOOOOOkkkkxxlkOOOOOOOOkkkkkkkkxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxddddddddddddd O00Okxxxxxxdddoooooollccclxkdxkc,;coxkdllodddddxddolloooKWWNKO0kOxOkxocoooodxkKKXK00KO. .x00OOOOOkkkkxxdoOOOOOOOOOkkkkkkkkxxxxxxxxxxxxxddddddddddddddd dddddxxxoc:;;:ccldk00Okkddodcdc:dkOkoodddxxdddddddddoooo0NWWWNKOk0XXX0lolldo:cdoxk0KKo... ,000OOOOOkkkkxxdxOOOOOOOOkkkkkkkxxxxxxxxxxxxxddddddddddddddddd ddoll:;;;;;:::::;;;cllllolc;looOOxoldxxxxxxxxxxxxxxoooooxk0WWWNNKXNNKOOOxdddlllccllco,.. .:NNXK00OkkkkkxxxOOOOOOOkkkkkkkkkxxxxxxxxxxxxdddddddddddddddddd ::::::::::::::::::;;;;,,:cdk00OxlodxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxdcclooOO0NWMMMMMWWWNXKXK0XOddc::'.... .:O0KXXXKkkkkkxxxOOOOOOkkkkkkkkkxxxxxxxxxxxxddddddddddddddddddd :::::::::::::::::;;,,:dOKKKK0koodxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxdllllloOOxOWWWWWWWXKXKk0Kkkoc,...............lOOOO00kkkkxxxkOOOOOkkkkkkkkxxxxxxxxxxxxddddddddddddddddddddd ::::::::::::::::;:lx0KXXKK0kxdxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxdoccc:lloKWXXWWWWWNN000Kkxl,..... ...cO00OkkkOkkxxOOOOOkkkkkkkkxxxxxxxxxxxxxddddddddddddddddddddd Okdoc:;;:::::coxOKXKKXKKOxddxxxxxxxxxxxxxxddddl:;;;;;clo0K0NNWWWWWNNNN0:...... ..'odxOkOOkkxOOOOOOOkkkkkkkxxxxxxxxxxxxdddddddddddddddddddddd XKK00OxolclokKXXKKKXXKOdloxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxdol:,,,;:cclllkxxO0XNNNXkdkk;....... ...,oxkOkkkk0OOOOOOkkkkkkkkxxxxxxxxxxddddddddddddddddddddddd XXXXKKKKKKKXXXKKXXK0kdodxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxdol::;::::ccclllxdkkddxKKOOkx:........ ...,xkkkkdk0OOOOOOkkkkkkkxxxxxxxxxxxxdddddddddddddddddddddd oodxxk0KXXXXXK0OK0Ooloxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxddo:,:::::::ccccllccldxldOxdddd........ ...,xxollOOOOOOOkkkkkkkxxxxxxxxxxxxddddddddddddddddddddddd xxxxdddkOO00KK0OOdooxxxxxxxxxxdxxxxdodoc,.,;::::::ccccllcc:coooxcc::'........ .....cc:;cxkOkkkkkkkkkkxxxxxxxxxxxxdddddddddddddddddddddddd dxxxxxxxkkkkkkxxxxxxxxxddddddddxxxdool;..,,;;;:::::cccllc:::c;;;;,:;........ .....,;;,;:cokkkkkkkkxxxxxxxxxxxxxddddddddddddddddddddodooo kxxxxxxxxkkkkkkkxkxkO0OdOOOkkkxxxxol:'...,,,,;;;:::c:cccc;:;c;,;;,,,....... .....,::;:;:;cdkkkkxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxddddddddddddddddddddodooo OkxkkkkxxkxxO0Oxxxk0kdxdxkxk0KK0xo;,....',,,,,;;;;:::ccc;',,;',;::,'....... .....,:ccc::::;cdxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxddddddddddddddddddddooooooo kkkkkkkxkO0XXNXOxdxxkdddddddxOOOdl.....',',,,,,,,,;::ccc;',;,;;:cox,..... .....;:::ccc:::;;cdxxxxxxxxxxxxxdddddddddddddddddddddoooooo ccc:codkXXXXXXNXOxdddddoddddddxdc;...',,,''',,,,,,,;;ccc;'::coxOOOo.... .....;:c::::;;;,,,,cdxxxxxxxxxxxdddddddddddddddddddddoooooo ,''...'lxOKXXXXXKxddddolloddoodc,...',,,;'',,,,,,,,;;:ccddxkOOO0k;.... ...,::c:;::::;,,,,;;ldxxxxxxxxxdddxxdddddddddddddddddooooo ........,:ldxO0K0Oxdoooooddddo:....',,,;;'''',,,,,,;,;::oxkoxdc;...... ....::::;;:::c:;;;;;:;,cdxxxdxxdddxxxddddddddddddddddddoooo ...';:cc:,,;cdddxkkxddooddooo;.....',,;;;'...'',,'.......... . ........... .. ..';:c:;;;;:::::;:;:;;,;lddddddddxxxxxxdddddddddddddddoooo :clool:;,....,:oxkdooodddddl,.....',,,,,,'....... ......... ...';:;;:c:;:;;::;:;,,;ldddddddxxxxxxxxxxxdddddddddddoo lc:,'...'',,,,'.':okkldkxxo......,,,,;;;,'.... . .'::;;;;;;;:c:;;;,'';lddxxxxxxkkkxxxxxxxddddddddddo '..'',;;::::;;;,,'.,looddc'.....',,,;;;,,,.... .... ..',,;::;;;,;;;,,'',dkxxxxxkkkkkkxxxxxxdddddddddd ,;;:::::::::::::;;,''.'','.....'',,,;;,,,,.... .... ....',;;;;;:looolokOkdoloddxdddxddddkxxddddddddd ::::::::::::::c::::;,,'.......''',,;;;,,,,..'.. .. .... ..... .. ..;lodxkkxxdxkkxoolodddooooooodxddddddddddd :::::::::ccccccccccc;,,,''....''',,;;,,,,,,;:;. . . ... ... 'dddddoddokkkxxxdlllccclllloodddddddddddo :::::ccccccccccc:::c:;;,,,,'..,',,,,,,,,,,,;;;'. . .. .. .,oooooloodkkkkkxddo::;;coodoloooddddddddo :cccccccccccccc::::cc;;;;;;,'.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,.. . .. .. .loooooollxkkkkxddxo:::;,coddooooodddddddo ccccccccccccccccccccc:;;;;;;,.',,,,,,,,,,,'...... .. . .. .,;;c:. . ,lccclol:lxkkkxxxxdccccclooolloooddddddddo ccccccccccccccccccccc:;;;;;;,'',,,,,,,,;;:cc.... ... . .. . . . 'lolllc. .:llodxol::xxxxxxxolccc:ccllolllooddoodoooc cccccccccccccccccccccc:;;;;;,'',,,,;;:cllc:,'... .. ..' . . .;looolllc,'ldxxxdlolodddxxdolc:::c::::clcclodollllolc cccccccccccccccccccccc:::;;;;'.,;:cllcc;,,,'.... .. .'' . ... ..cllloooodddxxxdolldolddddolll::cclcc::::cllllllccllc: cccccccccccccc:cccc::::ccc::;,':llc:,,,,'''.. .... ':c' . .... ...cllodddooddddoll::llloooolll:cclllodlccccooollllcccc, cccccccccccccc::::::::cccc:;,',:;,,,,,'''... .... .:o;. . .:loddddodddoolcc:;ccllllllc,:lloooddollllollllllllc:. cclccccccc::::::::::cc:;,,,,,,,,,,,,''..'''. .... .;ll'. .... . .,clooooooollcc;',cllcclcc:;,:loodddooolccccccclolllc, ccccccc::::::::::cc:;,,,,;,,,,,,'''..''''.'.. . .;ll'. ..',.. ...,cllllllccc:;....'clc;cccc:;:oddddolollc:ccllcclollc; ccc:::c:::::::c:;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,;,.''''...... .'lc. ......,lllc. ...,;::::::::,...........:olc:,ldoooolllllllcclloooocc:' ::::::::::::;,,'',,,,,,,,,,,;;:;,'.............. . .cc'. ...'....';codod;. ...;:::;;;,'.............,cc:,'lollllllllloolc::cllcc;,. ::::::::;,''',,,,,,,'''',;;;,'''.................. ,c:'. ....'''.....';coc;o:.... ..............''''''''''..,,;'.cllllllllloolccc:::::c:'. ::::;,'''',,''''''''',;;;,''...................... .:lcc,. .,,'............;c;cxl''.. ............'''''''''''.'''',:,'cllllllloolcccc:c::::;,.. ;,'''',,''''''''',,;;,,''...................... 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''........................................... .. .,'..............',;lxxd;.. ................... ;::::cccc:::::::::::::::::::::::::;; ............................................... ..',,'.......'''.':l;.. ................ .. .:::c:::::::::::::::;;:;::::::::;;;:: ............................................. . .,;:::cccc:;... ... .... ........... .. ':::::::::::::::::;;;:;:;;;:;;;;::::: ............................................. . .;::ccllllcc,. ........... ....... ';::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::; ............................................. ..';::::ccccccc,... .......... ..... ,:::cccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc:,. ..............'''............................ ... ..;:cllolooolllll:;''''''.. .......... . .;:::::::::::cccccccccccccccccccc:;. ..............'.............................. ..''.';:::cloooollllloooooool;. ......... . .;::::::::::::::::::::cc:ccccccc:;. ............................................. ..,,;:::cllllccclllolccc:'. .......... . .;::;'..'',;;:::::::::::::::::::;. ' .............................................. ......,:clc:;;;,,,'.... ............ . .::c:. ....',,;;:::::::::,. .,c .............................................. ........,,,'......... ........... .. ':::::'. ..... ....'',,,. .;ll .............................................. .................... ............ . ,::::::;'. .:cccc:;;,'..... .clll ............................................... .. . .................... .. ......... . . .;::::::::;. .;clllllllllcc::;;,;cllll ................................................. . ...... ............... ......... .. .;::::::ccc;. .':cllllllllllllllllllll .................................................. . ....... .............',. ........... .. .;::::cccc:::,. .':lllllllllllllllllll ................................................ .....',....... ...........';;'';'....... .. .:::ccccc::::::,. .;llllllllllllllllll .............................................. ..',;;;,'........ .........';;::;:;...... . ... '::ccccc::::::::;. .,cllllllllllllllll ........................................... .';;:::;,.......................:cccccc,..... ... ':::::::::::::::::,. .,cccccllllllllll ......................................... .';:cclc:........................:oddddl:........ . ... ,:::::::::::::::::::' .;cccllllllllll ...................................... .,,;:ccc;........................:oddddll,..... . ..... ,::::::::::::::::::::,. .':cllllllllll .................................... .',,;;::'........................,lloool;...... ..... .;::::::::::::::::::::::. .:clllllllll ................................. .;,,:'...... . .. .............',ollo,....... ...... .;::::::::::::::::::::::. .:llllllllll ............................... ...,'....... ... ...............cl:c,....... ...... .;:::::::::::::::::::::;. 'cllllllllll .........................'.. . ........ .. ........................... ....... .;:::::::::::::::::::::' .:lllllllllll .......................... .. ......... ........................... ....... .;::::::::::::::::::::;. .clllllllllll ....................'.. .. ........ .. ....................... .. ...... .;::::::::::::::::::::;. ,llllllllllll ..................'... ... ...... .. ... ....................... . ...... .;::::::::::::::::::::;. :clllllllllll 2.10 'date' =========== The command 'date' will print the system date and time. .... ............. .......... ......... .. .......... .. ... ... ....................................................................................... .'..'.'.'..'.'',.''.'.'......'.'....'....'.'.,'...'.....';. .,;',.;.;. .................................................................................... ....................................................... .............. ................................................................................... .,,''';. ..,.:. .,;,,,,'...,,;,'',:. .:,';...;;;;...:'',. .:;:,..,:';,,,. ................................................................................. ......................,.....................................,.'............................................................................................ .'..'.'.'..,.,',.''.'.'..'...'.'....,.'..,.'.;''..'.'...,:..'.''........................................................................................... ........................................................... ............................................................................................... . ......................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................','''''''''',,,;;;::;:clodddxO00000KKKKKKXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXKKKXKKKKKXXXXXXXNXXXXXXXXXX ......'.........................................................'''',,',,;;;;:;;;:::clloxO0000KKKKKKKKKKKK000KKKKKKKKKKXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX ...........................................................'.'''''',,;;,,;;;;;;:clodxxxOOO000KKKKKKKKKKKKKXXXXXXNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNXXXNNXXNNXNXXXNNNXNNNNNNNNN ...'..........................................''.'..',''''''',;;;::c::;;;;;::ldxO0KXXXXXXXXXXXNNNNXXNXKXNXXNNXNNNNNNNNNXNXXXNXXXKKKKKXXKk0KOxkXXXXXXXXXXXXX .................................'.'.'''''''''''',,,;::clllooloolc:c::ccokKKKXXXXNXNNNXXXXXXKKK00OkkxodxOOO000KXXXXXNXXNNXXXXXKK000KKXNNXXNNNNNNNNNNNNXXXXX ........................'''''''',;,,'','',,;,,;::;:::llldoddolcc:::ldkKXXXXK00OOOkO000000OkxkkkkOO0K0O0KKKXXXNNXXXKKKO0KKXXXXXXXKKKKXXKXXXXXKKXXXXXXXKKKXXX ...............'',',,,,,;,,,,,,'',,,;;clloooollllllooooollcc:;;cook000000K00KKXXNXXNXXXXXXXXNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNXXXNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN .....''.',,,,,,;,,,,,,',''''',,,,;;:::::::::llooooodolc::;loxk0XNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNXNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNWNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN '',,,,,''''',',,,'','',,;;;::cclccooooddxxkO0OOkkxdxxxOOOKXXXNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNXNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN ,,',,,,,','''',,;;:cclllcllllc:::cllllooododdoooood0KXXXXXXNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNWWNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNXNXNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNXNNNNNN ,,',,'',,',::,;;;::::c::llooodxxkO0KKKKKK0OkxkOO0XNNNXXNNNNNNNNNNNNWNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNWWNNNNNNXXXNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN ,,,,,,,:cccllllodddkkkO00KKKKKXKKKKKXXK0OOkO0OOXNNNNXXNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNWWNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNWNNNNKKNXXXNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNXNXXXNNNNNNNXX lodddxkxxxxkkkkOO00KKKKXXKKKXKKXXKKXNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNXNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNWNWNNNNNNWWNNWWNNNNNNWWWNNNNNNNNXNNXXNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNXNNNXNXXXXXXX OOOOOkkkOOO00KKKKKKKKKXXKXKKXXXXNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNWWNNNNXNNNWNNNNNNNNNNNNNWNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNXXNNNXXNNNXXXXXXXXNNNNXXXXXXXX kkOO00KKXXKKKKKKKKXXXXXXXXXNNNXKXNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNWWWWNNNNXXNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNWNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNXNNNNXNNXXXXXXXXXXXXNNXXXXXXXX 0KKKKXXXXKXKKKXKKKXXXXNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNWNNNNNX0XNNNNNNNNNXNNNNNNNWNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNXXNNXXXXXXXXXXX0OxoO0 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKXXXNNNNNNXXNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNXx'.:XNNWNNNNNNNNNXNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNWWWNNNNNXXNXXNNNNNNNNNXXXNNNXNXXXXXXXXXXNXNXXNNNXOc;....; KKKKKKKKKKKXNNNNNNNXXNXNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNWNo,. .'xXWNNNNNWNNNXNNNNNNNNNNNNNNWNNNNXNXXXXXXXNXXXXNNNXXNNXNXXXXNXXXXXXXXXXXNNXXXX0c,,..... KKKKXXXXXNNNNNNNXNNNXNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNKxc.... ...:KNNNNNNNNNNNNXXNXXNNNNNNNWNNXKXXXXXNNNXXXNXNXXXNXXNNXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXNXXXXXXk:... XXXNNXXXNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN0c. .'kXXNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNWNNNNNXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXNXXNXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXK;. XXNNXXKKXNNNNNNNNNNNNNNXNNNNNNNNXXXNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNWNd. .:O0XNNNNNNWWWNNNNNNNNWWNXNNXXXXXXXXXXXXXNXXXNXXXXNXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXd. XNNNNXKKXXNXNNNNXNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNWWNNNNNNNNXk. .;d0KKO0NNNNWNNNNNNNNWNXNNNXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXNXXXXXXXXl. XXXNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNKxc'''... .,:lk00coXNXXXNNNNNNNNNNNXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXKXXXXXXXXXXXK,. .. XXXNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNXoo,:;..,. ... .dko.'....,lkO00KKKXXXXXXXXXXXXK0Oxddollllllc::ccodx0KXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX0:..... KXKKXNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNk:coxc'';. .. .'',. ....',;cooooolc:;'........................,cx0XXXXXKXXXXXK0kl,...... XNXXXXXNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNKddxxkd',.. ... . ........... ........... ...................':c;;:;:,'.,:'.......: NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNK0000OkO0OOk:,'. .. ... .... ... .. ........................................;oOK NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNKx; ..... . ........................................';cooddk0KXXX NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNXc ..',.. .. .. .... .... .....................,cdkKXXXXXXXXXXXXX NNXXNNNNNNNNXNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN0llc;,.....';,. ... . ... . ... .... ......................kXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNXXl. .c''. . .. . . ........... .............:KXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNXK: .c' .... .. ..... .. .............'0XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNXX0;. :, ... ...... .............'kXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNXXXXXXXXXX0:...c' .... ........ .............lKKKXXKXXXXXXXXXXX XXNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNXXXXNNXNNNNXXXXXXXXXXXXKO,..l. ... ..........';:::;,. ...........'cOKKXKXKXXXXXXXXXXX NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNXXXXXXXXXXXXXXNNXXXXXXXXXX0,.c .............,coxOKKKKKK00k' ... ......'o0KKKKXXXXXXXXXXXXXX NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNXNNNNNNXNNNNNNNNNNNNNNXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXKk;c... .... ........,cdOKXKKKKKKKKKKKKKo ... .....,oKKKKKKKKKXXXXXXXKKKX NNXXXXXXNNXXXXNNNNXNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNXXXNXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXNXXXXXXKKKKXXXXXXKxc. .. ........';c;...d000000KKKKKKKKKKKKKd ..........,l0KKKKKKKKKKKKXXXXXXXK XXXXXXNNNNNNNNNXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXNNXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXNXXXXXXKKKKKXKXXKddc..........dk00000l...c0KK000KK000K0000KK0. .........;o0KKKKKKKXKKKKKKKXXXXXX NNNNNNNXXNNNNNNNXXXXXXXNXXXNNNNXXXXXNNNXXXXXXXXXXKXXXKKKKXXXXKKKKKKKKKKKKKxOKd....... .o0000000kc'.,k00000000000000000: ........;x0KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKXXXXXX NNNNNNNXNNNNNNNNNXXXXXXXXXNNNNXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXKK00Okx0KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK0x0KKx... . ..,O00000000Oxl;,:lxO000000000000O;.........:oO00KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKXXKK NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXKKKK00KKKKKKKKKKKK00k0000,.......cdO00OOOOOO0OOl....':okOOOOOOkxdl........k0KK0KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKXXXXKK XXNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXKKKKKKKXXXXXXXXKKKKXXKKKKKKKKK0OdO000:.....';olkOOOOOOOOOOOOx;......,lxOOOkxl;.......'kO00000KKKKKKKKK0KKKKKKKKXX XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXNXXXXXXXXNNXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXKKKKKKKXXKK00KkdO000c....,xdxOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOx:'......,:::;,'.............'',;;:clodxkO0KKKKKKKK XXXXXXXXKXXXXXXXXNNNXXXXXXXXNXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXKKKKKKKKK00000kd0000:....ldoxkkkOOOOOOkOOOOOOOOOkxxxxdddl:,..............................',;:cc: XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXNNNNNNXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXKKK0000O000000koO00O....,xodxkkOkOOkkOOOOOOOOkOOOkkkkkkkkkkxdc;'..........................'',;;: XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXNNNXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXKKKKKKKKK00KK000koO00x...,xkkkkkkkkOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOkkkkkOkkkkkkxxxd....';,,'..,''',;:clddxO00KKKKK XXNNXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXNNNNXXXXXXKKK00KXXXXXXXXXXXXXXK0000KKKKKKKKKK00OoO0O0x;;okkkkkkOOOOOOOOOOOOOOkkOOOOOkkkkkkkkkkkdl'...cO000000000KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXNXXXXXXXXXX0oodxOKKXXK00KXXXXXKK00000KKK00000000kokOxkOkkkkkkOkOOkkOOkkOOkOOOOOOOkOOOOkkkkkkkxxo:...'d00OO000000KKKK000KKKKKKKKKKK XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXKKKXXKKKKKKXKKKK000XXXXK0000000K0000000000kloOOOOkxxO0000O0OOOOOkkkxcllxkOOOOOOkkOOkkkddl. ..;xO0Oolx0000000KKKK0O00KKKKKKKK XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXK000KXXNNNXKxdKXKO0XXXKKKKKKKK000000000000kookOOkxkkO000000000000OOOl:ll;dOOOOOOOOOOkcld;....xOOOkl:cxk0KKK0KKKKKK000KKKK0KK XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXK00O00XXXNNXXKKXKK00KKKKKKK00KKKK00K0000000koooxkkO000000000000000000OxdlllxkxkOOkkkOkxcclllodO0000Oood:x0KKKKKK00KK0000KK00K XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXKKK000KXXXXXXXXXXXXXKKK000K0KKKKKKKKKK00000000xlO0000000000000000000000000OOO000OOOkkkkkkkkkOkkOO00OO00kOodO0KKKK0KK0KKK00KK00K XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXKKKKKK0kO0K0KXKXXXXXXKKKKKKKKKKK00KKKKKK0000000koO00000000000000000000000000000000000OOOOOOOOkOOOOO00OO0000000KKK000KKKK000K0O00 KKKXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXKKKKKK000Okdk00XXXXXXXKK000KKKKKK0000KK00000000000OddO00000000000000000000000000000KKK00000K0000OOOOOOOOOkkOOOO0000000000K00000000K KKKKXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXKKKK00OkOOO0KKXXXXXXXKK00O000KKKK0000000000000000OOdoo00000000000000000K0000000000KKKK000KKKK00KKKKKKKK0000Okkkk0K000OOOOO00000KK00 KKKXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXKKKK00OO0KKKKKXXXXXKKK00000KKK000000000KK0000000000xdck0000000000000000000K000K00000KK0000K00000KKKKKKKKKKKKKK0OO000K0kO00OkOO0000O XXXKXXXXXXXXXXXXKK0KKKKKKKK000O000KXXXXXXXKKKKK00000K0000000000000000000000kxlo0000000000000000000KK00K000000K0000000000KKKKKKKKKKKKKXXKKKKKK0OOOO0OO000000 2.11 'cal' ========== The command 'cal' will display a calendar. With no arguments to the command, the current month is displayed. Todays date will be highlighted. .. .. . . .. . . .. . .. .'....' '....'',....' ' .'...'.'....,......'.,'...'......c. ,..:.; ..... ............. ...... ..... ...... ........... .'. ....... . .,..'''...'.;. .;':'.,':. . .'',,:;.'.,... .,.'.'..'. .'.... ,,... .,'... ...... .,.,. .;... .,... ..,';. .,,',. '.';. .:,;;. '.'' ',.' .;';; . .. . ;' . .. .. . .. .. .. .. . ':. .l. 'l. ,:. c; ', .lc . .. .. . .. .. . .. . 'c. ',;c. ;,.; :.'; :..: .c.,: .: ;, . .. .... .... .... .... ... . ..... .''';. ''.:. ,',:. ;.;c. ,';; .;''' .;.,, ...... .... .llll. '... .'... .'... .'.'. ..,.; .,., cX0K0c '',,. ''., .,',, .;';; .'..,. '..,. :x0Kk; .,.',. .,... .;.'' .,.,' ....'. .... ..,,;. .,.; .. ... .. ..... ... . .. ..... .... ...... . . .'. 'NN' .''.'......,.'','.'.....',...'......,....,...,'.'.,.,...'c. 'MM' . . . .::. . The command 'cal' can display all months for a year. The year to display can be given as an argument to the command 'cal'. Try typing the command: 'cal 2020' ' '.....'.............. .......................'..........', ...,., .;':''';; '............'.............. ...... .....................:. '.';.'. ''.,.,.'' ' .'.,..'.,. ' .;':,',,:' . .. ... . ... .. . .;,l,:,;;,l,;.:, ,:.l,cc;;.:;;c,'.c' :c:o;;.,,:c' . ............... . .. ...... ..... .. ...... .... . .';,'' ;c;,. ;,''. .::,;. .:.:;. .c.'. .:.,; .;''' 'c;,, .:.'' ,,::' .:;:' ;,.,. ,,.:. ';,'' .cc;,. ;,''. .::,;. .:.:' .c.,. .:.,' ....'. ...'. ...'. .... . ... .. . ..... .... ..... .... ..... .... . .. ...'. ...'. ...'. ...'. .... . .. .. . ..... . ., .; ., .', .; ., .;. .; .; '' ,' .,' . ., ,'. ., .', .;. .;. .;. .,. .;. ., '' ' . .'. ... .'. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .'. ... .'. .'. .... .... .... .... .. .. . .:. ,c. ., ;c. ,c. :':: .:.;; ', .: .;; .;' ,c' ,. ;c' ,l' .c' ,;;c. ,;.: :.', :..: .:.;; . . . ... . . .... . . . .. . .. .. . .. . . . .. ... . . .... . .. . .. ... ... . .. .... . . ..:.c. .:.c' ,;'l. ,;'c. :.:c. :.,; .:.l: ;c :.cc .: :. .:.:' .:.c, .:.o' ,;'c. .:.c. .:,l' ,;.c. ,;;l. :.;c .:'cc .c.:. ...... ..... .. . .... .... ... ..... .. .... ..... ..... ..... .. .. ..... ..... ..... .... .... .... ..... ..... ..,.c' .;':' .,., .,.; ,'.:. ,',: .;.;' ;.,, ;.'; .;.:, .;.:, .;':, .;.; .,.:. .;.;. .;.:. .,'c. .,.;. ,',, ,''; .;.:, ..'.'. .'.'. '..' '... .'..'. .'..' .'... '... '... .'.'. .'... .'.'. .'.'. '..'. .'.'. ''.'. '..'. '..'. .'... .'... .'.'. ..'.;. .,.,. .'',. .'''. '.,;. '... '..' .'..' .,.,. .,.,. .'.,. .,.;. .'''. .'.,. .,.;. .'.' ..,';. .,.' ''';. ''.;. ,',;. .,'., .;.., .;.., .;.,' .;.;' .,.' .,':. ''.:. .,.;. .;';. .,., . . . . . . .,.'...''., ;:.,... ,'...'.;. '',:.. .' '. .'',:':. .'.''..';. ..... .'... ''... ..... .'.,. .'... .'... .'... .'... .'... ..... .'''. ..... ..... ..... ''... '... ..... .'.,. .'... .'... .;,:' ,;:;' '.,;. :;;:. '.,;. .;.,. .;';: .,',; ';,;; '.;, ,:;c' .',;, ,.'' ','c' .;,:' .;;:;' '.,;. :;;:. '.,, .;.,. .;':; .. .. .. .. . ... . .. .. .. .. .. .c ,:. 'c .;c .l. 'c. .l. ':. .l. ,c ,, .l, .. .. .. . ... ... ... .. .. . .. .. .c. ':. .:. ;c. ;l. :.:: .; ;, .: ,: ;' .:' .:. 'l' ,c' .:. 'l' ,c. ,,;c. :.,, :.', .; ,, .'. .'. .. .'. .. '... .'..' .. .' .. .'. . .'. .'. . .'. .. .'.'. '..' '.'. .'... .'.,. .'.;. ..., ...' ,.'' ,.., .'.,' ,.,, ,... .'.'. .' '. .'.,. .'.;. ...,. .'.,. .'.;. ..., ...,. ,.'' ,.'' .,.;. .;.;. .;.;. .,.;. .,.;. ,.,;. ,... .;.:, ,.,, ,.., .;.;. .;.,' .,.;' .;.;. .,',. .,.;. .,.;. .,',. .,.' ,.,, ,.', .;.;' ....'. ...'. .... .... .... .... .'... .... .... ..... .'... .... ...'. ...'. .... ...'. .... .. . .... .... .'... ..:'c' .;,c' ',.:. ',.;. .;'.c. .;',: .:.;, :.'' :.:: .:.:, .:,c, .;.:. .;.:. ',.c' .;.:. ';.:. ',.c. ','c. .;',, .;':; .:.,. ... .. ..... .... .... .... .. . .... . .. .... .. . .. . .... .. . .. . .... .':,l' ':.c. ,,;l. ,,,l. ;;co. .:',c .:',; .c'c, .c.:' ':,o; ':'l, '::l, ':,o, ':'l, '::l. ...... .... .... .... .... ... . ..... ..... .... ..... .... ..... ..... .... .... . ,,'' . ...' . . . .. .. .. .. .. . .. . .';;;.:.c. .c;;c;l::;;;,c. .:'c;;c.l.c;;cll:l,;. . . .. ... . . ....,..... ... ...... ........ ... .';,'' ;c;,. ;,''. .::,;. .:.:;. .c.'. .:.,, .;''' 'c;,, .:.'' ,,::' .:;:' ;,.,. ,,.:. ';,'' .cc;,. ;,''. .::,;. .:.:' .c.'. .:.,' ....'. ...'. ...'. .... . ... .. . ..... .... ..... .... ..... ..... . .. ..... ...'. ....'. ...'. .... . .. .. . ..... . ., .; ., .', .; ., ., ., ., ;. . ., '' .' .., .;. ., .' .' ., .' . .'. .'. .,. .'. .'. '.'' .' '. .. .. .. '. .'. .'. .'. .'. .'. .'. .'. '.'' '... .' .. . .:. 'c. ., ,:. ,:. ;.;; .;.,; '' .; .;, .,' 'c' , ,:. 'c' , ,:. ':. ;.;; ;.'; .;.;. ...... ..... .. . .... .... .... . .. .. .... . .. . .. ..... .. .. ..... ..... .. .. .... .... .... .... . .. ..:.:. .:.c' ,;'l. ,;';. c.c:. c.', .:.l: ;c c.cc .:.c. .:.;' .:.c; .:.o' ,;':. .:.c' .:.o' ,;';. ,;::. c.', c.:: .:.:: ..... ..... .. . .... .... ... ..... .. .... ..... ..... ..... .. .. ..... ..... .. .. .... .... ... .... ..... .,.:' .;':' .,., .,.; ,'.:. ,',: .;.;' ;.,, ;.'; .;.:, .;.:, .;':, .;.; .,.:. .;':' .;.; .,.; .,.:. ,',: ,''' .;';' .'.'. ...'. '..' '..' .'..'. .'..' .'... '... '... .l:c; .'... .'.'. .'.'. '..'. .'.'. ''.'. '... '..'. .'..' .'... .'.'. .'.;. .'.,. .'',. .'''. '.,;. '... '..' .'..' d0N0O .,.,. .'.,. .'.;. .'''. .'.,. .'.;. .'''. .'';. .,';. .,.' ''';. ''.;. ,',;. .,'., .;.., .;.., oON0x .;.;' .,.' .,':. ''.:. .,.' ',':. ''.;. .,';. .... .... ..... ,;:: .,,,; .,,...;.'';'';.'. ,;,'..'';,;':'';.,. ;,';.'.,,';:;';''. '''..'.'''',;.. .','.''.;''.''',.. ''',.'.,'.';,';.. ..... .'... '.... ..... .'.,. .'... .'... .'... .'... .'... ..... .'''. ..... ..... ..... ''... ''.. ..... .'.,. .'... .'... .;,:' ,;:;' '.,;. :;;:. '.,;. .;.,. .;';: .,',, ';,;; '.;, ,:;c' .',;, ,.'' ','c' .;,:' .;;:;' '.,;. .:;;:. '.,, .;.,. .;';; .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. ... .. .. .. .. .. ;l ,; .,c ;: ,; .;; .:: .c' ,l' .:. .c ':. ': ,c .:' .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. . .. .. .. .. . .. .l' .:. ,:. .:. :c. ;: .;.l: :; ;: .;.c, .; :. .;.:. .;.:. ','o' ':. .:. ;c. 'c. :.:: :.', .;.;' .. ... ... .. ... .. .'... .. .. .'... .'... .'.'. .'... .. .. .'. . ... .. .... .... .'.'. .,., .,.;. ''.; ''., ,.', ,.,' .,.', ,.'' ,.,' .,.,' .,.:' .,.:' .,':. .,.; .,.;. .,.;. ''., ''',. ,.., ,.,, .,.;' .,.,. .,.,. .'.,. .'.,. ,..,. ,.'' .,.'. ,..' ,.'' .,.. .,.,' .,.;. .'.,. '..;. .,.,. .,.,. .'.,. .'.'. ,... ,.'' .,.,. ...'. ...'. ...'. .... ...' ..... .'... ..... ..... .'... .'... .'... .'.'. ...'. .'.'. .'.' ...' .... ..... ..... .'... .:,l' .:'c' ',;c. ',.: .;'';. .;'.: .:',: .;'', .;'.: .:';; .:.;' .;,c' .;.,. ',;c' .;,c' ';.:. ',.;. ',.c. .;',: .;',, .:'c, .. .. .. .. ..... .... .... .... .. .. .... .... ..... .. . .... .... .. . ':.c. ':,l' ,,.c. ,,;l. .:';o. .;;cc .c';; .:';c .;;cc ':.c. ':,o, ,,,l. 'c:l. .;;,; ..... ..... .... .... ..... .... ..... ..... ..... .... ..... .... .... .... .''. ......... .......... .... .......................... '' 'MM' ..........'.'...........'.. ...... .....'...'....'......c. 'MM' .. The command 'cal' can display calendars in the past. Try typing the command 'cal' and giving the your birthday year as the first argument. 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'cl' .:lxkkkxddxxxxxkOKXO..ckkxl;'........:oxk0OO0KK000000KKKKKXXXXXXKKK0KKKKKKK00O0OkOOO0KOKKOKXKkOO ddddddddddddddddoc'............. ;'o; .oxkkkkxxxkOKXXNk;;kXKKK0xc'.......okOOKKOOKOOkkkO0KKKKKKXKXXXKKKKKKKXKKK0000K0000KK0Okkkk0KK oodooddddddddoollol,............. .lx. .,lkOKXNN0k0KXXXXXk;;kXKKKKKKOxc;'...,okO0K0O0OkxxxkOK0KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKXKKKKKKKKKKXXKOkkkolcc oolooododdddollcloooc'......... 'clo:' .;lxOXWMWWNxcoKXXXXXO;;kKKKKKKKKKKKOkxxxxxk0KK0OxdooodOKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKXKXKXKXXXK0O0Okxk lccllooooooollodxk0KK0d'...... ,;...l 'coxOKWWWWMNo:cOKXXXXO;;xKKKKKKXKXXKKXKKKXK0OOK0kxddodkKKKKK0KKKKK0K000KKKKKK0KKKKXKKKKKXXKK0OxxxO llcclllloooollokKKKKXXKo'...... '.c;. .,:dOKNWMMMMNdlxkKXXKK0::xKK0KXKKKKKKKKKKXKKKK0okkxkxkOKKKKKK0KKKKKKKKKKKKK00K0KK0KXXKKXXXXXXXK0Okx lllcllllooollllo0KKXKKkld;........... ,c. ;kKWWWWMMNKKKKKKKKKKO:do0KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK00KKKOoxOOOKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK0KK0000000KKKKXKXXKXXXXK lllooolllllclllcokKKKK00KKx:....... ,l. 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KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK0xxxxxxoc:::;;lo::lcccl:dko:dc;;:cc;;;,,;;,'.,..'..,,...........,;;;:clc;;;,''codolll:;,,:cc:lc,.......'''',,''''....................... KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKkxxxxxoc:::;;coc;clc:l,dx;';;,;;c:;:c;;;;;'.'...'.';.... .... ..;;;:clc;::;';ll:'........................'''''.....''.................. KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKOxxxxxdlc::;;:ol;cc:cl,okk'......',;c;,,';''.. .'..;'... .. .........,'..............................''',,,,'''''''''''.'''........ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK0xxxxxdlc:::;;lo;;:c:::lk0clc. .....,,,'.,''.'.... ,,.... . .. .................................',;;;;;;;:;;,,,'''''''........... KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKkxxxxdlc:::;;co:;:c:;olxOc;d, ...........'.'. .,..;....... . .................................';;;;::::;:;;;,,''''............... KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKkxxxddoc:::;,:ol,:c:,o;lxo,dc. ..... ...'.'......''.............................................';::::;;;,,;;,,,''''''.............. KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK0xxxddol:::;;;oo;:::;cc:ld'll. ................ .. .............';:;;,;;,,,,,,''''................... KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKOOOOkxdolccc:lo;,:::;o::l;::. ......... .... ...............',;::;;;,,,''''''..............;clll: KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK00000OOOkkdolc::;coc;;;,;:::;;,'' ................. .........',,...'..,,,,,,''''....................;oxxd KK000KK000Okkxxdddddddddxxddooooollooo::cloooddoooc. ................... .. ........',,'....................................'cdxx xxxxxxxdddddddxxxkkkkkxxxxxxxxxxxxddddddddxddddodl.. ....... . .....,,. .o, ........''...... ............ .,:ccl kkOkkkkkkkkkkxxxxxxxxddddddxxxxddddddddddddoooddo'. .'. ... ..;0X0x:'. .'odl. ........'............... .';;;;: kkxxxxxxkkxxxxxxxdddddoddoooddodddooodddoddooddo:. . ......c0NNXXKOo,. . .xkodc.. .......................... ..',,,,,' xxxxxdxxddddxxddddddddoooooooooloooooodddodddool'. .. ......,;c0MWNX0000x;.. 'kOoolc:,.. ......... .... ... ........ dddoddddooolloooooooooddooooooolllllloooooodool'. .....';ckKkooko'lKNWNXOxOOkl...;kxollcc:::,'.. ............ llllooooooooolloodddddddoooodooddddoooooddddll,.. .,:ox0K0KNWMMW0;',x0XXKKxdxo:..,lxdollllccc::, ............. looooooddooddodddddodddddodolooddddodddoc;'... ,c;dkkxkxOOXXKO;,cx000KK0dlc:;,cloolccllllcc:. ........... ........ .. lllllllllolooodoolllooodddollollloddo,. .:,',;;'.,cldooc,:dxkx00Oxdc:,';coollccclolc,. ......... ......... ...........,,;: loolllooolllodddooooodddddddddddddo;. .....'.........,:cllxKN0oc:;'';coolcccccc;,.. ..... ....'............''',,:cclooddoo ddooodolllloolldxddodxdxxddddddodl. . ...........,;llclodl:;'..,clc:::;;,'.... . ........ ....'.... .:cc:ccc:loooooclllll lllllllllllllloooooooolloooollool.....',,,;;,...... ...':cll:'.',;;::::,''........',,''''''''..,,,,. ....'.... ..;lllclllllloddllllccll lllooooooodooolllllllllllloloodoolooooloolllll::;,... ...',;::;.;looooooolclllcc:;:kKKKKKKKK0O:'cood:. ........ ...':loooddoodooolcllolcll xxdxdddddooooollloolccllllolcclllclooooodddoollol:'......... .....,;cclolllccllllllloooooxKKKKOk0XNNWOxOkd;. ...........'clloddooddoollcccccccccl dooolooooolloododdooollllllcllcccclloddoooddooddc''............',::clllollllllllclloooooddox00KKKKKKXNNNXKKk' ........... ..;loooooloolcclccccllclooolo dddddoooododxdxdddollcc:ccc:ccccccclclooolooddoo:;;;:::;::::cclccllllllccl:cc:cllloooolllclkKKKKKKKKKXNNXKKd:;:::;:coxxl;'.. .':ccclllololllcclcllclllolllo xddxxxxxxdddxddddollcccclccccc::c:ccclooccccc::clllllllolllolcccccclllclcl:c:cclodoooccc:;loOKK0KXXNWNNXOxl,.:OdoloxOOxl;...':lclllllocclc:ccllclllcloooooo dxxxkxxxxddxddooollclolcllccccclllccclclcclllcoolloc::::ccloolllccloolllclcllooddoddolloollk0K0KXXXNWWWXd,.,l;;,'',loo;.'.,:lololdoloolcolloollllllcllolllo odddddddddxdoooolcccllllllcclcllllccclccllcccooodolcllclccllllloollcllllclloododdoooodolllx0KKKKXXNNWWNXo'o00OOOOOOOxo:...collcllollooollcclolldoooollcoodo xdxdododdddddoollooooocloooooodolllododollclooooollooollllccclololllc:;:ccooodooollllllcllOO0KXXXNNXXWNOc;k0KXXXKK0kdo:..,cc::c:oolllloollcoooolololloolold ddxdxxddooodddddddodoododoolcloc:lcllllllcccllooolodollclcclllldoolcccccldoollclolclcccc:kOk0KKXXNNWWWNOccxO00000kdl:::c;,:clccllodoollccdllllccc::cccccccl dxxxddodoooododdollolcollccccclclcccc:;clccodoooocllcolcloooloolcc:;;;:lldoolllllllc:cc,oKK0KKKXNWWWWNNd'cxxkkkxd:','',,,;ccclllclllolclllc;;;::::;;::ccccc dkoloocllloolllooollclccllcc::ccllllloloolllcccc:llloooolllloolcll;;cccldoll:cclllcccc:lKXXK0KKXXNWWWNXO,lxodxdl;....'',,,clc:::l;cllc:cc:c:;;::::ccc:c:;:: ocllllclllllooolcolcllccc:clloddlooolllllcllllc:colllclolclollc:lloollooocclccllllcccoOKXNX000KKXK0KXK0x:olcdd:;........';,:ool:ccccclcccc:::c:;:::;:::;;;: olllllooooolccccccclcclclllclcclc::::c::c:c:;cc:lcocclclc::cccclodooddoolcclc:clcclckKKXNX0O00KKNWXKKkl;.oko:,',' .....,''cccooodololc:cccllccclc:::coc:c oclolllllllllc:ccclollllccclollcc:llcc::;:;,:ccc:ll:::cccllodddoolccllccllcc::ccc:lKNNNNKXXOxkkk0XNWKd,'.oOkd;......''''::'.colc::llodolllllcolloodddoclodo doooolollocc:cccooloddlcllloolcllcclll::::;,:ccc:c::;;,,::lddl:clccllllllc::;;:c:xXXXX0kkkOdoollclxO0d...:oxkd:;'.......,l,.:ccclclloolclodoclocloolclccodo oodllllc:::::cccclooollllooccollllcllcccc:;;:::;::c::l:clcclc:ll:clocllc:::;::cdKXKKK0d;,,,,,'',''..,c. .:dxxo;.........co;:cc;;:lllolclcoollodlllolcllooo lclcllllllll:coolc::ccclolcclollc:;::c:::::::c;;ccc:colloo:ccccool:ccc:::;::cc0NXK0KK0c';'............. .,ldlc;.........:c;;;::;:cc:clcoooollclooolcloollo lllcllollllccc:cc:;::cllooolcoloclc::cccccc;,;ccc:ccooll:lcccooollccccc:,';cl0WXKXXK0kl,',:c'....... ... .',;','. ...'::::,:cc;;,:;;;:;::::cll:cccclcclc odolollllloolclc:;:clllllcllcc:cccccc::::c:::clcclllcllc:llloc;:cc:;cccc:lccOWNKKXN0kocc;,;:l:'.... .''. .',..;,. ......',;;,,;;;,;:;,;::;;:::c:;;:cc::llc lllllloolllc:::ccoooooclc:c::;::clc:ccllc:;;;:lllolloololoocclc::c;:::c:;,;xXX0OOkkdol,'......,,.....'.. ..,. .. ......;:;,;;,::cc::;,;;::c;:c:,;:,:cc:cc lllloolcc:::cclllolllcllccllcclclllcclc:::cccclllooooolclooc:cccc::::c:c:;:o0Kc,,';,......... .....,;,'.. ..... ...,ccc:,;;;c::cc:::;;;:c:;:;:c::cc:;: :cllccc::::clolllloccollc:clc:lollc;;c:::ccclcllcclloololl::::ccc:ccc:,cc;,;:;'............ ....';;,... ...;;;;:;;;c:cl;;cl:;;;cc;::;,';::c:;; ::::;::;;cccllccll:;:cc:::cccc::cc:ccc:::cc:;:;:looloolloc::clllc:clcc:;,,',....... . ...';cc:::c,..... ....',;;::;::cl:::ccollll:::ollcc:,,;,::, c;,:c:llcllodocccc:cl:clo::;:l;:;,:c:ccl::;;:c:clldoollccll::l:;;;lollc::'......... ....;:::clccc:,....... .....'::::cllccccclcl;:,::cccc::ccc;''';: 2.13 'man' ========== The command 'man' provides a reference manual to commands. All commands such as 'whoami', 'pwd', 'ls', 'cd', 'mkdir', 'rmdir', 'echo', 'rm', 'rm', 'more', 'less', 'date', 'cal' and 'clear' have reference manuals. The command reference manuals give information on command usage and options. Command switches (options) and arguments are described. Try command 'man ls' ........................................................................................................................................................... .'.,.'., ' '...'... .'.'',''.,.'.;.. . '.'.,.'. .'.....'.. ....... ...''.'.''...'.. ......'... . . ,o:ocooo. .......'. .. . . ... . ';', .. ;.:.:.c. 'c,:'.,;,.,';''.;. .;';;;.:,:,',;'' . ... ..... .. . .. .... ...... ..... ..... ... . ................ .o,l;xdodl:l,c;c . .... ............... ....... ... . .::: ,.:::':.:;;ll.,...... ,.:.:'c'l.,.. . . . ............... ........... . ';';.,.'';.,',.,'''',' ':;c.:;,,:':,..',,,,;; . . '...'. '.'.;.....'...''..... '',.....' .''.'. ,.'...,.' ...''..' ........,.'.,. .,'....'..'....... .,... .,''.,....,.'... . ........ ..'...'....,,........ .;',''',.' ....,. . '.'.'.,. .'.'..'. '.... ..,.'.'. .'....'.....'...:. .''; .'''..',......'.. . ......,. '.'.,.'.'.,.' .''...;..';',.,.,...,.'.'.. ,.,. .'.'.,',. .'';. ..'.:,;.',,':,;;c. .'.... ....,.,',.:. .'.' ....'...,.. . ..... .. ....... ....' ....'.....'.'.......'.....' ... ...'..'.. .'.. ........'.,.'',',. ...... ....'''.. '. ..' ..'........ . ';,.'.', .......... . .. . .. . .. . ;;,;'';;;,;';',.:. .c,.,;',,,;',':.:. .:':. ';,',';, .:,c'c.;':,,', ',,.:' .;,c;:;c:c,:','.', :',''. .:::;:,,':. ,,,,,';';,;':. ............. ... ... .'.. ....... . . ....... ... ... ..... ... .. ........ .... .. . ... ..... . .... . ...... ';,,,'.. . .. ..'.' . ..;c.. ....l,;.:. . '... ...... ............ .....'........ ........'...... ......'. . .:;;. ',,;'' .';;'',''.:. .:;,.,'..',,'. ,.'.;,' '.,',;l. ';.'..'' . . .. .. . . ..'' ....'.;.,',.'';...',.,. . ..,,.. ....:'''.;;';.;..,;.'.' . .,;.. .'.''' '.'.'.'. '.,''.'.'.,., ....'' . .'.'. ...... ........ ...,,.. ..... .. ...... . . . . . ....,;;,c.l;:,;. ,ooooooooooollooooxxxxxxxdxddoloooloolllloooooooooolooooooooooooloooolooooooloollooooooooooooooooooooooooloolloo. cMXxOkOOOO0xKOMM00KOO0kKMMkNkXOWkW0MMXOK0K00KMMOXMM0Nx00KkXkKOWMOKMMkK0KKWMNxOxXkKkNMKO0NMM00MMOX0KMNkOkKkNkWOMM' ;K000kO00k0kKOKKdOOOooOOKKOOk0d0x0xKKKOKO00OOKKkOKKxko00Kk0kOkKK00KK0KO00KK0O0k0OdxKK0O0KKKOdKK0OO0KKddk0O0kOxKK. Explore more 'man' pages. The command 'man' even has a reference manual page. Try the command: 'man man'. . ..................................................'.'',,,,,,,',',,'''',,''. .;::::::::;;;;;;;;;,,,,,,,''''''...................... . .. . ...'''.............................................''''''',,,'..''',,,,'''. .,::::::::::;;;;;;;;,,,,,,''''''............. ... .. . .. ...'''........................'''...................''''',,,'''..'',,',,','. .'::::::::::;;;;;;;;,,,,,,'''''........... . ... ... ...''...............................'..................,,,,,'...',,,,,,,''.. .':::::::::::;;;;;;;,,,,,,'''''''........ . ... .. .........'''.......... ...''''.''''''''.'..''........'.'.'........'.',,;;;;,,..... .::::::::::;;;;;;;;,,,,,,''''.,,......'. .... .. .. .........'''..............'''''''''''. ...'''.........''.'...........',;;,,.....'.. .:::::::::::;;;;;;;,,,,,,''''''.....':c,... ... .. ... ........''''...............''.....''''..'.'''...'..'..''''''..'..... ........''''.. .;::::::::::;;;;;;;,,,,,,'''',:;;;':::;:;, . .. . ....'...'''..........''''..........''..''''''...''..'.''''''''''...... ............ .:::::::::::;;;;;;;,,,,,,'''';collccc:cccc,... .. ....''..''...........''''............'''',''''..'''''''''''''''''.....................:c:::::::::;;;;;;;,,,,,,'''':::cc:;:cclolc:'. .. ....'...............'''.....''''',,,,,,,''''''..'''''''''''''''''................ .:c:::::::::;;;;;;;,,,,,,,,,,';:ccc::c'.,;,,';. ....'....................'',,,,,,,,,,,,',,,'''..'''''''''''''''''....................:ccc::::::::;;;;;;;;,,,;;:::;:lclolllcc::cc;;::' '.......'.............''',,,,,,,,,,''''',,',''..'''''''''''..'''.........',,',,;;;::ccccc:::::::;;;;;;;;:::cc:::;;looollccllddddlc:,'. :;,....'..........''.'''''','''''''''',,''''''..''''''''''.....'.........',;;,;;,,',;ccc::::::::;;;::ccccccc::::,';:clocddloooolllc;,. :cc;...'........''''''''''''''''''','',,,'''....''''''..................','',;;;;;''',::::::::::ccllllcccccc;,...''.:ll;olc::;cccllc:'. :,,,'...............'''''',,,,,'',''''''''''''...''........... .,,........'',;,',;,...;::::cllllllllllc:,'......;::coolollllclloooo:;. lollol:'.',''........',,,'.................'''....................',,... .....','.'...,:cccol:::cllc;'..........;loolloloolc::ooool:,...... . ':clllc:,coodoo'.....''.. .. .............''...............................'''','........,xc....................,,'.'lccllodooooll:'........... .. ..',;:;;::cddddo'...........''','..;......... .',......'',,,'''..... .....''':'.......,dc.. ... ... .....;ooddoolooolc;.............. . '..,,;ll:l;oddddollcccclocldddddc'''''..... .,.....';lollllcc;,....... ..'''..'........lc..... .... .....ldodddooollc,................... ','lxxxxokcodddddddddddddddddddddo:,'''.. .',.....,clllclccccc:;,,''... ........... ..,,... . .......... ...,oooododooc:'.................... ',,'lkxdoxolddddddddddddddddddddo;;;'...............,cc;:cllcc:c:'..;c;..... ....... ...... ............... ....ldoooddoll:....................... ',,':xxooddcddddddddddddddddddoc,;;,...............,:lc;:cccccc:...':o::;'.. ...... .................................,dddoloool,. ............... ',,cOddooc;:ddddddddddddddddoc,,,;;..... .. .....;;....;:cccll:'.';dxll:.. .... .....'............................,,,,,,,,'.... . ........ ,;o0kdll;;lddddddddddddddddd:.'',;;''....... ....,:;,...,cc:lcccc;'';;;::.. ... ............................................... ... cO0kxo:,cdddddddddddddddddddl'..;;'.....''. ..';cddl,':c;,::;;;;,,,;c:'. . ............... ........................................... kOkxl;cxdddddddddddddddddddddo'.'...............';cc::,'::,,,,::,...,:l,.. .....................................'''''........................ dxd:cxOOxdddddddddddddddddddddl'.....';ccc:,'.....';c:;;,'.''',::;,'.,:;.... .....................................''............................. ;:;oOOOOkxdddddddddddddddddddddol:...:oodddxo'......';c:'.'''',cdkxdc,,'..... ....................................................................... ,lkkOOOOOkxddddddddddddddddddddddo:;codxkOOOOO........;:'.,,,,;lkXNWNKxc,.''. ....................................................................... ookkOOOOOOkddddddddddddddddddddddddxkOOOOOOOKNo.......''.',:cllk0XNMMNKXOlol..... ......................................................................... dodkkOOOOOOkdddddddddddddddddddxkOO0OOOOOOO0XNx'.........';okkxOkO00KXXXWXKK,..''.'.....''''.....'......................................................... ddodkkkOOOOOxddddddddddddddxkOO00OOOOOOOO0OKNW0'.........,oOKOdllcc::oOWMWNKOl:c:;'.........'''''''..''.................................................... dddoxkkkOOOOkxdddddddddxxkO00OOOOOOOOOOOkxxONWWx'.......'dKOocc::::;,;lOWMMWNXx;;,,.... ..'''''''''''.'''..................................'.......... ddddoxkkkOOOkkddddddxkO00OOOOOOOOOOOkdc:lc,:0NMMKxlcc;'.,kXx:;:clll:;,:OWWWMNW0;'...'.. ...''''''''''''''''.................................''..... oddddoxkkkkOkkkdxkOO0OOOOOOOOOOOOxl:,,,,,'',oKWMMMMMMWO'c00Oc,,;,,,,;:o0XKXWWNd'...:,''. ..'''''''''.'''''''''''................................. ooooddoxkkkkOkkkOOOOOOOOOOOOOkoc;,,,,,,,',,',l0NMMMMMMWocXWNKxc,'',';lk00KKNNk'...,;;,,'. ...''''''.''''''''''''''''........................... ooooddooxkkkkOkkkkOOOOkkkxddlcl:,,''''',,.;:::cxKNWMMMMNdxXNWN0xdoooxxxO0xco:....',,,'''.. ..'.'...''''''''''.'''''''''....................... oooooooooxkkkkkkkkOOkoolooodddddc''''''.';cccccc:ckXNWWMWOKKXNOxOOkkxdlc;,...''.',,;,',,'.. ..''''''''''''''''''''.....'...................... ooooooooooxkkkkkkxoollccodoodxxo:''''',,'c::cccc..';okKXWWXK0kxxkkkxd,',,''',,;',;,'','''. .''''''''''''''''''''............'.............. ooooooooolldxdol:'''.',:oddxkkkkd,''',;;:c::ccc'......,:lOXNXKKXNWWNNO:'...,;;,'::,'''.... ....''''''''''..'''''.'....'.......''.......... oooooll:;,'''..''''....;c:,,,;::,..';;;;c::::::,'.......':OXWWWWWWWWWWKc'.,;,,,,:;''..... ......''''''''''.....'''''''''................ lllc:,'...''.....'''. .::;.......';;'..;::::::c:''''....',dNXNNWWWWWWWWkc;',,;;;;;;,''.. .........''''''''''....''''''''.............. :;''...',,,,,'.........;:;'.....';,'''',,;::::::;.......',kMWNNWWWWWMMMX;'',;;,',,,,'... .........'......''''''''''.....'..... ......... ....',,,,',,,,,'.......';:;'.,:cl:,;;,'....,,;::;........'c0MMMWWWMMMMMK:,;;;,,,,,''... .....'......'...''''''''..... ....... .'',,,,,,,;,,''',,........';:llc,.;,''...................''dNMMMWWWMMMWNkc::::;,,'.'... .... ......... ......... '',,,,''',,;,,,;;,,'''......,cl:'';;,''''''''''',.. ...''',dNMMMMWWWWWWWN0Oxxo;,,,'... ...... ........... ,,'......',,'',;,,'''..''',;',:;..';::cc:::;;;;;;'. ....,;lXMMMMMMMMMMWWWWWWX0Oxc,... ......... .. ............... ...........'.'',,,''...''',,''......',,;;:::;;'.''........,xWMMMMMMMMMMWWWWWWWWWNOl:,. .......... .. .......................''......... ...........',,'.'''.....':,;'........';:,.....;:,';ccc::oKWWMMWWMWWWWWWWWWNWWMMWKd:.. ........... .,,'..'.''............'''''''............ ... ........';;...''.''':::,.......,:::'.....,;;;,;x0KXXXWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWNWWWWWXd;.. ............. ....';;..'................''''........... . . ..........',..........',;,.....';;,'......',:ccc:lO00000KXXXXXXNNXXK0KKKXK0xdc'.. ...... ... ...,,,,.................................. .. ................. ...','..;..................',,,',lxkkxxkOOOkOKK00OOO0000Oxc:,.. ....... ... . .....',....''...'...................... .. .....'... ... .............'.,...,;:ccc;'........,:llooollloddoxkkkkko,....... .'''....... ..'c,..,:,.......,'...................... . ... .............. .......''.,,,..';:'.........,;,... ..',:lc'.....,cooc;.. ..... .... ..'........,:c,.,:;''....',,'..................... ... .. . ... ...............',...;.....,;.....'.... ................. .... .. ...'.....,;,'.'''.,c,,'....''...................... ... .. ............ .... .....''....'''''..,,,,... .........':c;'........ . ...........';;;;'.,.cc:,.,,'... .................... ........ .............................''''...';:;'..'. ........';cccc;. ..... ... ..............';:;.';:;..;,,;..''................... ............ .......,;,. ............ ..'.....;oolclo; .......'';cc:;::. .. .c;c. ................;c,.c,;:.....;,,'................... 2.14 'top' ========== .. ..................................................................'..'..''''''''''''''',,;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;,,;;,',,,,,,'''''',,,'''' .....................................................................'''''''''''',''',,,;;;;:::::::::::::::::;::;;;;;;;;,,,,,,,,,;,,,,,,,,''' .........................................................................'''''',,,,,,,,,;;:::::::::::::::::::::::::::;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;,,,,,,,'''. ............................................................................''''',,,,,,,;;:::ccccccccccccccccccccccc:::::::::::::::c::;;;;;;;;;;,,''''''' ..........................................................................'''''',,,;;;:::ccccccccccccccccclcllllcccc:ccccc::ccccccccc:::::::;;;,,,,,,,,,,'' ..... .........................................................''''''',;;::ccccccccccccccclllllllllllllllllllclllllcclccccccc::::;;;;;;;;;;;;;;,,,,, .... .............................................................''''''',,;;;:cccccccclllllllllllllllllooooloollllllolllllcccccc::;;;:::::;;;;;;;;;;;;;,,, ............. .......................................''''',,,;;;;;;:::cclllllllllloloooolclllllloooooooooooollllccc::::::::::::::::::::::::;;;;;,, ......... .........................................'',,;;;;;;;;:::::::clllooooooolooooolllllllloodooooolllllcccccccccccccccccc:cccccccc::::::::;;, .... ......................................''''',,,;;;;;;;::::cccccccccllllllllolloloodooooooodddooolllccccccccccllcccccccccccllllccccccc:::::;;;: .. .................................'',,::;;,;;;;;;:::cccccccclcccllclllooooooooodddddddddooooolllllllllllllllllllllclccloooollllcccccc:::;:ccc ...............................'''',,,,;;;;;::::::ccccccccccccccccllllodddoddddddddddooolllllooooooooooooooooolllllllclllllccclllllllcc::;;:::: . ..... ..........................'''',,,,;;;;::::::::ccccccccclllllllcccllcloddddddddooollcc::::ccclodddddddddooooooooooolllllllllloooollllllccc::;;; ...... .......................'''',,,,;;;::::::::ccccccccllllllllccllccccccclloooooolllllcc::::::ccclodddoddddoooddddddooddoollollllloooooollcc::;;;;, .............................'',,;;;;;::::::cc:::::ccclllllllllllcclcccccccccccllllllllllcccccccccllloddooodddddddxxxxxdddddddoooollllllccc:::;;;;,,;; .. .........................''',,,;;;;;;::::::ccccccccc::cclllccccccccccccccllllllllolloooolllllllllllloooddddxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxddddddolllccccccc:::::::::;; ,. ...................'''',,,,,;;;;;;;;;::::::;::::::cclccccccc::ccccclloooooooooooooodddoooolllllllllllodddddddddddxxxxxxdddooollllllllclcccccc:::;;;; ,. ..............'''''',,,,,,,,;;;;::::::::cccccccccc::::::ccccllllllllodddddddddddddddddooooollllllloooodxxxxxddddooddddddoooooollllllllccc:::::::;;; '. .................'''',,,,,,,,;;;;;;:::::::::ccc::::;;::::clllllloollooddddddddddddddddddddddooollllllllloodxxxxddddddddddddddooooooollllcc:::::::::::;; . ..................'''',,,,,;;;;;;;;::;::c:::::::;;;:::cccllllloooooooooodddddddddoddddddddddxddddooooooooooooddddxxxxxxxxxxxdddooooooolllcccccc::::::;;;; ...............'';:loccc:::;;:::::::::::;;;;;;::cccccccccccclooododdddddddddddooddddxdddddddddxxxdddddddddddxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxdddoooolllccccccccccc:::;;;;; ..................';lk0XNNNNXK0Ododolcc:;;;;::cccccccccccclllloooodddddddddddoododdddddxxxxxddddodddddddddddddxxxxxxxxxdddddddooooolllllcccccccccccc::;;::; .................'''':dOXNNNNNNWWXKK000Okollcccclccccccllllllollooddddddddddddddxxdxxxxxxxxxxddddddddddddddddddddddddddddooooollllllllllllllllllcccc::;,:cc .................''''',,:loddxOOOkOOkkOO000kdoolllollllllllllllllooddddddddddodddddddooddddxxxddddddddddddddddddddooooooolllllllllooooooooollllclccccclllll ..............''........''',;;;cc:oodxxxdkkOOkollooololllcccllllllllodddddddooddooooddddddddddddddddddddodoodooooooooollllllllooooododdooooolllllllodddoodx .......................''''......',;:lk0OxxkK0Oxodxodddolllllllllooooooooooooodoooloddddddddddddddddddddddooooooooooooooooooooodddodooodooooooddxxxxxddxxxx .......................''''''......;;cld0KKKXKOk0xkxxkdxdllllllollloooooooddddddddooooooododddoooddddooodooodooooddddddddddddddddodddddddxxkkkkkkkxdxxxxxxx .......................'''',,,,,'...,;odkOKXNK0xdkkxO0kdkxddllllcllllooooooddooooddooooooooooooooododdooooodddddddddddddddddddddxxxxkkkkkkkkkkkkxxxxxxxxddo ......................'''',,,,,,,,',,;odk0OO00kddxddkxxxOkxdllcccccclloooooooooodooooooolooooooooooodddddddxxxxxxdddddxxxxxkkkOOkOOkOkkOOkkkkkxkkkxddllccc ... ..................''''',,,',,,;,';cldxkkxdxxxoccllodxxkxkxdlcccc:clllloooooooooooooooooooddddddoddddxxxxxxxxxxxkkkkOOOO0OOOOOOOOOOkkkkkkkkkxddolllloodo . ..................''''',,,,;,,;:loodoolllclc:;::ldlloooxooccccclllllllllloooooooooodddddxxdddxddddxxxxxxkkkO00000000OOOOOOOOOOOkkkxxxxdooodddxxxxxxx ..................''''''',,;;;;,;:lodxdl::;,,,;;;,:;::clldxolccc:lllllllllloooooooodxxxxdxxdddxxxxxkkOOOOOOO00000000OOOOOOOOOOOOkkxxdddxxkkkkkkkkxxkx .....................'''.......;,;;:cloool:;,,''',,,,;,;;:lldxxcccccclllooooooddddddxxxxxxxxxxkkOOOO000000000000OOOO00OOOOOOOOOOkkkOkkkkOkkkkkkkkkxkkx ..............................',;::llddcccc:;''''',,;,,',,;::lddolclllllooooooddddddxxxxkkOOO00000000000000000000000OOOkkkOOOOOOOOOOOOOOkkkkkkkkkkkkkk ...............................'',;:ccc:loool:;,'.''..'','','';:;;:oxocccclloooooddxxkkkOOOOO0000000000000000000000OOOOOOOO000000OO0OOOOOOOOOkkkkkkkkkkkx ...............................''',;:::;:cc:cc:;,..........,''',;,,:loolllloddxkkkOOOOOkOOOkOOO00000000000000OOOOOO000000OO0000OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOkkkkkxxdo ...............................''',,,;,;;;::;::::::,'............',,,,;:lodxxkkkkOOOOkkkkkkkkOOOOOOOO0000OO0OO0000000000000OO0000000OOOOOOOOOOOOkkkxdoooloo .............................'''''''',,',::codlllc:,''..............',,,;:ldxxxxxxdxxkkkOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO000000000000000O00000000000000OOOOOOkxdolloooddxxxx ...............................''''',,,,,',,,;:::;;,''................'',';:lddddddxxkkOkOkkkkkkOOO00000000000000000000OO000OOOOOOOOOOkxxdddoodddxxxdolcc:; .... .........................''''''',,,,,,,;::::;;,,'.................''',;::lxkddxdoodxxkOOOO0O00000000000O00OOOOkkkxdllllcccllclccllooollcclcc;,;,',,,, ..........................''''''''''',,,;,,;;;;;::c:;:,'''................''',;;codkOOkdooddddooddxxkkkkOOOOOOOxddlcccc:::;;;;:;;,;;;:ccc::;,,,,,,''.'''''' ... ......................''''''''',,,,,,,,,'',,;::::::;''..................'',,::cldkkdxkkOOOxdlollllcclollllc::;;;:cc:c::cccccc::ccc:ccll:;,'''...'...'. ..........................'''',''''''',,;;;;,,,;;,',;;;;:;,'''................'',,;;;:ckxdddddxOkxxxdxkkOOkxdxddxdoooooodddxxdodkkOkxdoooldxl:,'.......''.. .......................''.'''''''''',,;;;;;;;,,,''',;:;::;:;;,,'''.............'',,,,,;;:cllccccclddoxxkkxOOOOkxkO00OkkkkOOO00OkO0K000OOkkxkddollol;'....'' . ...................'''.'''''''',,,,;;;;;;;;;,,'''.',;:::::l:,,',.''..........'''',;;;;,:cc:::::lllllodkxxkxkO0000KkxOkOOO00O00OkkkkOOO00kO00OOdc,'....... .................'''''',''..'''',,,,,,,,,,,;;;;;;;,''',,,;,,,,,,;;,''......'...''',,;;,::;;cc:llclooolloollllloxxdddddxkxkkkkxxxkOOkkO0OOk0KOkOdlc::;,''''' ..............'''''''',,'.''''',,,''',,,,,,;;;;;;;,,''......',::::;;,,,,',,,,,''',,,,,,;::::ccc::ccloddolllllllllddxkkxxddddooodkkO00K0kxkkkxdllllc::,;:::: ...............'''''',,,,''','''''',,,,,,,,,,,,,,,;,,'........,',:c::::;',;;;;:;,,;;c::cc:;::c:::::cllooolloodddlloxxkkkddkkdoodxxxkkxdlddlooll:;;,,,,,,;;, .................''''''''',,,'''''',,,,,,,,,,,,,,;;,,,,,'......'';;;;:;::::cllc;:cllllooolccloollolcolllodxdddddoooxdodxdxxxdolcclllooddoccl::;;,,'',,''''' ....................'''',,,,'',,,,,','''',,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,''.......'',,;;:clclcccccccclooododooddooodkkdooollooddodllllollc:::cc::::cl:;;,;,','''.''.....' ...................''''',';;;;,,,,,'',,'''''',',,,,,,,,,,,,,,''............',,,,,;;;:::cclllccllodoodooollllldxdddooolc:cc:;;::,,;;;::,'..''............... .................'''''',,,,;;,,,,,',,',','''''',,''',,;;::clllc:;,................'.''',;;,;::::ccc;c:ccccclloooooc::;;:;;:::,'...'''''............... ... ................''''',,,,,,;,';;,,,,,;,'',,'''',,,;::ccccccccllllc::;,'..................'',',,''',;,,;;;;;;:::::;,,,',,;;,'............... .. .. .................''''',,,,',:;:::c;,,,''',,,;;;::::::::::cccclllllllllc:;,'...........................','''''''...',,..'............... .................''''',,;:';:::;,,,,,,;:::;;;;;;;;:::::::ccccccccllllllllc:;,,'............................................................ ..................'',;;:::,,,,,,;::cccc::::;;;;;;;;,,;;;::::::cccccccccccllllccc:;;,,'''.........................................',;::;,;;,,'...''',,,,',,, ...............'.''''',,,,;:cclllollllccc:::,',,,,,;;;,''',;;:::::::ccccclllllllllllcc:;;;,,,,'''......................'',,:cccclloooollllccccc:::::::::::; ...................''',;;::cloddddolllcc:;;;,,;;;;;;,'',;;;;;;;::::ccccccccccclllllllllllllllllllllllc:cccc:::::;,,;:cloodddoooddoooolllclcclcc:::::;::::;; 3 Fun Commands ************** 3.1 'fortune' ============= 3.2 'cowsay' ============ 3.3 'figlet' ============ 3.4 'banner' ============ 3.5 'toilet' ============ Concept index ************* * Menu: * banner: Fun Commands. (line 2651) * cal: Linux Commands. (line 2146) * cat: Linux Commands. (line 1248) * cd: Linux Commands. (line 950) * clear: Linux Commands. (line 2336) * cowsay: Fun Commands. (line 2645) * cp: Linux Commands. (line 1414) * date: Linux Commands. (line 2073) * Desktop: Login Screen Desktop and Terminal. (line 259) * echo: Linux Commands. (line 1248) * figlet: Fun Commands. (line 2648) * fortune: Fun Commands. (line 2642) * gedit: Linux Commands. (line 1779) * less: Linux Commands. (line 1964) * Linux Commands: Linux Commands. (line 621) * Login Screen: Login Screen Desktop and Terminal. (line 151) * ls: Linux Commands. (line 727) * man: Linux Commands. (line 2456) * mkdir: Linux Commands. (line 1102) * more: Linux Commands. (line 1964) * pwd: Linux Commands. (line 700) * rm: Linux Commands. (line 1414) * rmdir: Linux Commands. (line 1102) * Terminal: Login Screen Desktop and Terminal. (line 408) * toilet: Fun Commands. (line 2654) * top: Linux Commands. (line 2576) * whoami: Linux Commands. (line 683)